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The natural protective mechanisms of some living thingscreatures on the planet really amaze the imagination. A vivid example of a creative approach to protection from predators is demonstrated by fish belonging to the family of puffers. There are many varieties of these fish, but all of them are similar in one - the ability to inflate to unthinkable sizes. Blowfish, or tetraodon, have many names. In people, a fish that can swell and become like a ball is called a fish-dog and a fish-ball. Some species also have quite impressive needles, so such specimens are called fish-hedgehog.

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Some varieties of pufferfish liveexclusively in sea water, others in fresh water. The main habitat extends along the coast of the Indian Ocean. In addition, these fish are found in coastal waters in northern Australia. Freshwater pufferfly species are common in the waters of Africa, South-East and South Africa. Most species of tetraodines have a bright color, warning that the fish is deadly. In fact, there are almost no predators in nature at risk of attacking a puffer, and there are several reasons for that at once.

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In stressful situations, when the fish feelsdanger, it is able to fill special bags with water, and some varieties of special gas produced in their bodies and significantly increase in size. Some species of tetraodones may increase in size four or more times. Thus, in a matter of seconds even the smallest species of tetraodons can acquire impressive sizes that can scare away any predator. Depending on the variety, the size of adult fish of pufferfish can range from 5 to 65 cm. The largest species of tetraodines puffing can scare even a shark.

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The ability of tetraiodide fish to swell up tolarge sizes - this is not the only weapon of these funny fish at first glance. The thing is that these fish are one of the most poisonous on the planet. The skin, fins and internal organs of the fish are filled with cyanide, so most predators circumvent the puffers. The ability to swell up to large sizes and the strong toxicity allows these fish to survive in coastal waters and on coral reefs.

Tip 2: How do you scare off sharks

The shark is a predatory cartilaginous fish, which has become diligentcinematographers with the embodied horror of the seas and oceans. In fact, according to statistics, in 2009, 2,371 people were attacked by sharks around the world, 464 of whom were killed. For comparison, in the same year only 43,000 people died in an accident in the United States.

Nevertheless, almost half a thousand people areNot at all small. Scientists have long been looking for ways to scare away sharks. In 1937, the beaches of Sydney at night began to wall out the shuttle nets. After that, no shark attacks per person were recorded in the fenced areas. Moreover, the number of these predators caught in the night on the network declined year after year-either sharks in the seas became less, or they learned to recognize the danger. In 1952, networks as protection from sharks began to be used in Durban (South Africa) with The same success - no attack on bathers. However, this method has a significant drawback - harmless animals die on the networks, over which the threat of extinction is already hanging: dolphins, sea turtles, etc. Akula possesses very sensitive sensors that pick up weak currents and sound vibrations, as well as smells. This feature of predators is used in the creation of various repellents (repellents). A weak electromagnetic field, safe for other marine creatures and humans, can stop the shark and make it stay away from the radiator. American scientists developed a device Shark Shield ("Shield from sharks"). It can be attached to a boat, a surfboard or to a compressed air cylinder. Generated electromagnetic radiation, according to the developers, can keep a shark at a distance of several meters. The sound emitter is similarly arranged. The shark perceives low sound and infrasound. High frequencies cause her discomfort. It is assumed that the ultrasound generator will frighten off the predator. However, tests of all types of radiators have shown that there is no universal repellent: one that scares a shark of one kind is ignored by another. Developed and chemical means of protection from these formidable fish. It is noticed that sharks try to stay away from the decaying corpses of their relatives. Scientists have synthesized a substance that mimics the cadaveric shark smell. Experimental tests have shown a certain effectiveness of this tool.

Tip 3: What types of sharks are considered to be the largest

Sharks are not only one of the most ancientspecies of fish, but can still be among the largest representatives of the underwater world. It is no coincidence that predatory sharks become the characters of many horror films. The size of some individuals is amazing. These fish can rightfully be considered kings of the seas and oceans.

Not so long ago, the largest of the sharks zoologistsConsidered a large white shark - carcharodone (Carcharodon carcharias). It and to this day is such among the known predatory sharks. The length of the average specimen is 5-6 m, and the usual weight is 600-3200 kg. The largest of the representatives of this species reached 11 m. There is a suggestion that larger individuals may also occur.

An even larger species of sharks and moreThe largest fish known to date in the world is the whale shark (Rhincodon). Its usual sizes reach 10-14 meters. There are also giant specimens at 18 m.

In 1990, there appeared scientific information onA specimen of a whale shark 20 meters in size and weighing 34 tons, which is approximately the weight of the average sperm whale! This fact in modern sources is indicated as verified.

The whale shark is a very small species. Unlike a kinswoman, a large white shark, she is not dangerous and eats plankton, decanting it from the water. It is not aggressive and behaves peacefully. Some researchers of the underwater world even managed to touch it.

The whale shark floats rather slowly, cruisingNear the water surface with an average speed of 5 km / h. For a long time this species of sharks was unknown. For the first time scientists managed to get to know him in 1828, when sailors extracted 4.5-meter fish.