Tip 1: Why languages disappear

Culture and Society

Tip 1: Why languages disappear

In ancient times, when practically nothere were communicative links between individual nationalities, each of which had its own language of communication. With the unification of people in the state, there was a need to use on its territory a single means of communication - the state language. In this capacity, usually, the language spoken by the majority of the population was used. Many languages small nationalities began to disappear.

The reason for the disappearance of national languages has becomeglobalization, the disappearance of national characteristics and traditions, characteristic differences in lifestyle. People who do not live in a closed, isolated group, have to communicate with each other in some common language. In this language, magazines and books are published, television programs are conducted and business communication is carried out. Children in this case teach at least two languages - general, state, and the one in which the parents talk at home. After a generation or two, the practical need for the language spoken by the ancestors disappears and gradually the next national language disappears - no one is communicating on it anymore. There are also economic reasons for the fact that communication between people is easier to conduct in a single language. The use of different languages complicates international communication, which in this case requires a large staff of translators. If you find an interpreter for the world's largest languages - no problem, then with the translation of small, preserved and functioning to this day, it sometimes becomes simply insoluble. Institutions do not prepare specialists in all the languages that humanity uses today. Sometimes the reason for the disappearance of a particular language is not only assimilation, but also the physical disappearance of small nationalities that have not managed to adapt to modern living conditions. Whatever the case, population censuses show that the number of such nationalities, to which the Russians belong, each time is reduced by several dozen. Linguists say that if today's rate of disappearance of national languages persists, then in this century their number will decrease by 90%. When children stop teaching their native language, it goes to the stage of the dying person, but this process is reversible. As the world practice shows, the example of the revival of Hebrew or Welsh, if time is taken to take the necessary measures, national languages can be revived. Moreover, many young people today demonstrate a desire to know their historical roots and the language spoken by their ancestors.

Tip 2: Why do koalas disappear?

Australian environmentalists are sounding the alarm: according to their data, koalas, charming innocuous animals, which are one of the symbols of Australia, can disappear in 30 years, preserved only in zoos. And the fault of this is man and his activity.

Population of koal - Australian marsupials- is rapidly decreasing, despite the efforts of the "green" defenders of nature. If in 1900 there were about ten million koalas in Australia, at present, according to researchers, the koala remained in the wild no more than ten thousand. Koalas do not have enemies in the animal kingdom. The main danger for them was a man. In the late XIX - early XX century, with the massive arrival in Europe of Europeans, hunting for koalas began because of their thick fur. Credulous animals were exterminated on a huge scale (for example, in 1924 only two million skins were exported from the eastern states of Australia alone koalas). In 1927 hunting for koalas was banned, but there remains (and remains to this day) another threat to their life: cutting down eucalyptus forests. Eucalyptus forests are the habitat of koalas, an indispensable condition for their life. After all, animals feed exclusively on foliage of eucalyptus, their body is arranged so that they can not tolerate other food. Koalas do not even drink any liquid, except mother's milk in childhood. The very word "koala" in the language of the aborigines of Australia means "do not drink." These animals have enough moisture contained in eucalyptus leaves. During the day, an adult koala eats about 1 kg of these leaves and, even starving, will not touch other plants. Felling and forest fires (which have become more frequent in recent years) rapidly reduce the territory occupied by forests from eucalyptus trees in Australia. Koalas, which normally spend their whole lives on a tree, are forced to descend to the ground and overcome long distances in search of food. Such trips are fraught with deadly danger for them: they die under the wheels of cars, become victims of dog packs. In addition, a threat to the health of koalas are borne by ticks imported into the country from Indonesia and Japan. On what side to look, a mortal enemy of lovely, harmless, trusting animals was a man. In the Australian legislation there are no measures to protect the koal habitat. In the state of Queensland koal is no longer met, although in 2000 there were about 20 thousand of them. Sadly, probably, in the near future, fluffy animals can be admired only in koala parks, created by the efforts of the "green" next to the cities of Sydney and Perth.

Tip 3: Why does the tongue hurt at the root

Language is an organ consisting of muscles covered withoutside the mucous membrane. It has lymphoid formations and glands, as well as nerve endings and vessels. The language consists of the root, the body itself and the ending. There are a large number of diseases in which there are pains in various areas of the tongue, some of which cause these sensations in its root.

Abscess and phlegmon of the tongue

This infection often occurs in violationthe integrity of the mucous membrane of the tongue due to injuries of various kinds: wounds with sharp edges of carious teeth, not very high-quality dentures or simple biting of teeth. Also, the cause can be: injuries of fish bones and other sharp thin objects, insect bites, gunshot and other types of damage. Infection can penetrate through the blind hole of the tongue, which is not fully prolonged, as well as ulcerative stomatitis, angina or inflammation of the tonsils of the tongue.

Symptoms of tongue abscess

The disease manifests itself first in the form ofa small painful compaction in one of the halves of the tongue, then the borders of the hearth are slightly smoothed out, and the tongue becomes less edematous, especially from the location of the abscess. It is very difficult to talk and eat, and strong pain is felt. The body temperature can rise more than 38oC. Also note the increase in lymph nodes located under the jaw and chin. An absegment can be formed at the root of the tongue between the muscles located below it at the point of their transition directly into the tongue. First, the patient can complain about painful swallowing, after which the body temperature rises and chills appear. A lack of mobility of the tongue and painful sensations are noted when pressing on its root. The next stage in the development of the disease is the appearance of puffiness and an increase in the size of the tongue, which leads to sensation of suffocation in man and abundant salivation.

Symptoms of phlegmon

This disease is characterized by diffuseinfiltration and swelling of the tongue. A greatly increased volume of the tongue can not fit in the mouth and pops out. There is a dirty gray coating on the tongue and an unpleasant smell from the mouth. The speech of the person becomes illegible, there is a hoarseness, plentiful saliva, viscous on a consistence. At the same time, breathing is difficult, the body temperature can reach 39oC. Lymph nodes are greatly enlarged and painful. The developed abscess is most often found on the lower surface of the tongue.

Treatment of diseases

Abscesses of the tongue are opened by smalllongitudinal incisions. In cases of phlegmon, cuts are performed depending on the doctor's testimony, on the back, and on the lateral surface of the tongue. In case of deep abscesses located at the root of the tongue, they are opened by cutting through the skin along the midline of the area under the chin. hearth patient immediately feels relief. The pain disappears when swallowing. Together with surgical treatment it is recommended to perform antibiotic treatment. Also, mouth rinses are given by warm decoctions of chamomile or sage.