Tip 1: What is an anthology
Tip 1: What is an anthology
The word "anthology" is of ancient Greek origin and in literal translation means "flower bed" or "bouquet of flowers". However, it is used mainly in a figurative sense.
Anthologies of the ancient and medieval era
The term "anthology" refers to a collectionlittle-volume literary works - stories, poems, essays created by different authors. As a rule, when composing such literary collections, the works are united by genre or theme. Information about the anthologies compiled by the inhabitants of ancient Greece was preserved. For example, in various written sources mentioned collections of aphorisms and epigraphs, which created Meleager from Godara, Philip of Thessalonica, Straton of Sard, Diogenian from Heracleia. It is also known that similar collections were created by some ancient Roman authors. Unfortunately, these works in the original did not survive to our days. The most ancient of the anthologies, which has survived to the present time, dates back to the 10th century. It is called the Palatine Anthology. This anthology was compiled by Konstantin Kefala. When working on this collection, Kefal enjoyed the works of his predecessors. Subsequently, the anthology of Kefal was rewritten many times. And the Constantinopolitan monk Maxim Plumber in the 14th century chose from it a part of the works, supplemented with a large number of epigrams and several poems, and then published already under the guise of his own anthology. In the late 16th century, Joseph Scaliger published the anthology Catalecta veterum poetarum, including passages from Roman writings . Then Pierre Pete published two more collections of anthologies. These books were repeatedly reprinted afterwards. There were also numerous examples of such literature in the Eastern peoples. For example, the famous Chinese sage and philosopher Confucius is credited with the authorship of the anthology "Shi-Jing". The custom of compiling these collections was characteristic of the Arabs. After the conquest of Persia, this habit was also adopted by Persian authors, creating a whole series of poetry collections. And from the Persians it was adopted by numerous neighbors, including Ottoman Turks and Hindus.What are modern anthologies?
At present, the composition of anthologicalcollections usually include selected poems or prose works of small volume (usually these are stories, but there may be essays and essays). They can also consist of critical articles by literary critics, biographies, etc. This form of literature, like an anthology, is very popular in Western Europe.Tip 2: What is black humor
Black humor, which some people reveretoo sharp and offensive, is a mixture of a more innocuous normal humor with pure cynicism. And it is believed that the comic effect of this particular species is conditioned by bantering over such topics as death, violence, deadly diseases, physical disabilities and others.
Instructions
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Objects or occasions of black humor are also calledmacabre themes. Makabr literally translates as "the dance of death" and is an allegorical plot of painting and literature of the European Middle Ages. It is black humor that is the basis of the art of absurdity in different spheres of art. But, strictly speaking, this term, in French sounding like humor noir, is of French origin and is first encountered in Huysmans in the 80s of the XIX century among followers of the direction of surrealism.
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In turn, André Breton in 1939, even"Anthology of black humor". It was this French writer who founded the hypothesis that the origins of black humor go back to the Age of Enlightenment - Jonathan Swift's Modest Proposal, Voltaire's Candida and Trinam Shandy's Sterne. In the twentieth century, the surrealists summed up the philosophy of the somber comedy, which, in their opinion, stemmed from the teachings of Fränden and Hegel.
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Researchers also believe that the origins of blackhumor originate in the medieval carnival tradition, when people organized "dances of death" and "feasting during the plague." It is from black humor that many hard folk folk songs and children's horror stories also flow, and urban folklore is now filled with malicious and partly sadistic rhymes and anecdotes.
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By the way, André Breton included in the compiledAn anthology of the work of Charles Baudelaire, Alfons Alla and Lewis Carroll, who wrote not only a sweet story about the travels of the girl Alice. Russian literary heritage of black humor includes the holy stories of Antoshi Chekhonte (the pseudonym of Anton Chekhov), the small stories of Sasha Chernoy, Daniil Kharms, and even Grigori Oster's "Harmful Advice", popular among contemporary Russian children.
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In the cinema, the traditions of black humor have also been founda great application in the genre of black comedy or "Black comedy", which includes films with Monty Python. A separate "offshoot" of this genre is the "comedy of horror" or comedy horror, within the framework of which, for example, Roman Polansky withdrew his "Vampire Ball". In this direction, such Hollywood filmmakers as Robert Zemeckis, who shot the film "Death to her face," the brothers Cohen, who are the authors of the film "Barton Fink", certainly the most popular Quentin Tarantino with his films "Mad Dogs" and "Pulp Fiction" in Tim Burton with the "Corpse of the Bride" and the film "Dark Shadows".
Tip 3: What is postmodernism
Postmodernism - a direction in philosophy andart of the second half of the 20th century. Postmodernism is characterized by its atypicality, in comparison with the preceding stages and phenomena in the mental and cultural life of the society.
It is interesting that postmodernism positions itself distancing from both classical and non-classical traditions, revealing itself, rather, postmodernity or post-non-classicism.
