Tip 1: What is the Old and New World?

Culture and Society

Tip 1: What is the Old and New World?

There are several versions of originterms "Old" and "New World". According to one of them, Amerigo Vespucci introduced them in 1503, on the other - Christopher Columbus used them back in 1492 to divide the famous and new open lands. Expressions of the Old and New Worlds have been used for several centuries, until completely out of fashion and not lost relevance in connection with the discovery of new islands and continents.

Old World and New World: geography

Europeans traditionally referred to the concept of OldThe light of the two continents is Eurasia and Africa, i.e. Only those lands that were known before the opening of the two Americas, and to the New World - North and South America. These designations quickly became fashionable and became widespread. The terms quickly became very capacious, they applied not only to the geographical concepts of a known and unknown world. The Old World began to be called something generally known, traditional or conservative, the New World - something fundamentally new, little-studied, revolutionary.

In biology, the flora and fauna are also divided intogeographic principle on the gifts of the Old and New Worlds. But unlike the traditional interpretation of the term, the New World in the biological plan includes the plants and animals of Australia.

Later, Australia, New Zealand,Tasmania and a number of islands in the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. They were not part of the New World and were designated by the broad term of the Southern Lands. At the same time appeared the term Unknown South Earth - a theoretical continent at the South Pole. The ice continent was discovered only in 1820 and also did not become part of the New World. Thus, the terms "Old and New World" refer not so much to geographical concepts as to the historical and temporal frontier before and after the discovery and development of the American continents.

Old World and New World: winemaking

Today the terms Old and New World inGeographical understanding is used only by historians. The new meaning of these concepts was acquired in winemaking to designate the countries-founders of the wine industry and countries developing in this direction. All the European states, Georgia, Armenia, Iraq, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine traditionally belong to the Old World. To the New World - India, China, Japan, the countries of North, South America and Africa, as well as Australia and Oceania.

For example, Georgia and Italy are associated with wine, France with Champagne and Cognac, Ireland with whiskey, Switzerland and the UK with Scotland with absinthe, and Mexico is considered the ancestor of tequila.

In 1878 in the territory of Crimea Prince LeoGolitsyn was founded factory for the production of sparkling wines, which was named "New World", later around it grew a resort village, which is called - the New World. The picturesque bay receives annually crowds of tourists who want to relax on the Black Sea coast, get to tasting famous new-world wines and champagne, take a stroll in grottoes, bays and a reserved juniper grove. In addition, the same-named settlements are on the territory of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus.

Tip 2: What is physical geography?

Geography In translation from ancient Greek - "records of the Earth." This is the doctrine of the planet Earth, the people inhabiting it, the relationship between people and the environment. Geography Is divided into 2 fundamental parts: Physical geography - the science of the earth's landscape, and economic geography - the science of people and about how and where they live. In turn, both these areas are divided into more narrow sections of human knowledge.

Already in the distant antiquity were bornphysical and geographical ideas. Philosophers tried to explain some natural phenomena that could be observed on the globe. With the development of science as a whole, geography has now gained a new round of development. Physical geography is a science that studies the geographic envelope of the Earth, as well as its structural parts. The main sections of physical geography include geography and landscape studies. In the section of geography, the general patterns of structure and the formation of the geographic envelope of the Earth are studied. And in the field of landscape studies, we study complex natural and natural-anthropogenic geosystems of various rank. Also in physical geography is such a teaching as paleogeography. Another interesting fact is that it includes sciences that study separately taken elements of the natural environment. These are such sciences as geomorphology - the science of all the unevenness of land, the ocean floor, their age, origin and much more; Climatology, which studies the climatic changes of the globe; The hydrology of land, which studies the waters of the land: various rivers, lakes, etc .; Oceanology - considers the interaction of the ocean and the atmosphere; Glaciology - the science of the forms of ice formation and snow cover; Geocryology, which studies frozen rocks, their composition and structure; Geography is the science of soil regularities in the distribution of soil on the earth's crust; Biogeography - is engaged in the study of the distribution of wildlife on the earth's crust and features of fauna and flora. Each individual science from the above listed can relate to one of the natural sciences. Here are some examples: geomorphology refers to geology, biogeography to biology, etc. It should be noted that physical geography is closely related to cartography, a science that studies the interconnection of society, objects and phenomena of nature and economic geography.

Tip 3: What is geography?

Geography - system of social and natural sciences,Studying natural and industrial territorial complexes and components. Such a unification of disciplines within the framework of one science is a close interrelation between the generality of the scientific problem and the objects under study.

Initially, geography was a kind ofEncyclopedic code of knowledge about nature, economy of different regions, population. Subsequently, this knowledge formed the system of geographical sciences. The process of differentiation affected the division of science, i.e. on the one hand, the study of natural components (climate, soil, reliefs), farms (agriculture, industry), the population, and on the other hand, the need for a synthetic study of territorial combinations of these components. In the geography system stands out: - physico-geographical, or natural science, which can be attributed to physical geography (landscape science, land ownership, paleogeography), geomorphology, climatology, land hydrology, oceanology, glaciology, geocryology, biogeography and geography of the soil; - public geographic science, i.e. regional and general economic geography, the geography of the branches of the economy (agriculture, industry, transport), geography of the population and political geography - cartography, which is a technical science, but at the same time enters into this system because of the commonness of the main tasks and goals with other - geography studies, combining information on nature, economy and population in selected areas and countries - except geographic sciences in a unified system of geography includes other disciplines, mainly applied nature, military geography and medical geography. At the same time, many geographic disciplines belong in varying degrees to other systems of sciences (biological, economic, geological), in connection with the absence of sharp facets between sciences. Along with common goals, each discipline entering geography studies its own object, which is learned by various methods necessary for a comprehensive and in-depth study of it. All sciences have their own general theoretical and regional parts and applied sections. The latter sometimes combines under the name "applied geography", but they do not form an independent science. Geographical disciplines in their conclusions rely on research materials conducted by stationary and expeditionary methods and accompanied by cartography.

Tip 4: Who is Amerigo Vespucci

The Middle Ages gave the world muchRemarkable travelers, who by their works increased the knowledge of people about the world. Among the outstanding seafarers who recorded their name in history, it is possible to single out the great Italian Amerigo Vespucci.

It was Amerigo Vespucci who first studied andDescribed the land that received the name of South America. He provided evidence that South America is not Asia, which sought to shorten the path of Columbus, but a completely new and previously unknown continent in Europe.

Born Florentine researcher and cosmographer 9March 1454 in the family of a state notary. At his uncle, a learned monk in the cathedral of St. Mark, he managed to get an excellent education. Vespucci studied Latin for a long time, physics, astronomy and geography.

The first traveler's journey to South AmericaOccurred in 1499 as a navigator for Alonso de Ojeda. The expedition passed along the route received from the map of Columbus. As a result of the trip, two hundred Indians were taken into slavery.

The second trip of Amerigo Vespucci to the SouthAmerica was held at the invitation of King Manuel I, from the spring of 1501 to September 1502. Immediately after that, he sailed for another year to new lands under the command of Gonzalo Coelho.

It is worth noting that in his first voyages Vespucci held the position of not the ship's manager, but a cosmographer and helmsman.

Already in his last voyage, in which a considerable part of the land of Brazil was explored, he took command of a small ship.

Among other interesting facts about Amerigo Vespucci is the one that he gave to the lands of Venezuela. This country Amerigo named in honor of Venice.

The traveler died in Seville on February 22, 1512.

Tip 5: Who is Christopher Columbus?

The name of Christopher Columbus is known to many fansTourism. Already at school in middle classes, students are taught the knowledge of this great seafarer, which left an indelible mark in the history of the development of mankind's knowledge of world geography.

Christopher Columbus established himself in historyWorld as a Spanish conqueror of the seas with Italian origin. Columbus was born in the Genoa Republic in a poor family in 1451, in addition to his personality, there were several more children. The life of Christopher Columbus was very rich, as he traveled the world, received education in educational institutions and often changed his place of residence. External data on Columbus are known thanks to portraits of famous artists.

In 1492, this man discovered America,thanks to expeditions equipped with Catholic kings. Christopher made four expeditions that required a lot of strength and perseverance. All expeditions were successful and opened new ways for countries to interact with each other.

Christopher Columbus became the first who crossed the Atlantic Ocean and sailed in the waters of the Caribbean Sea. This navigator discovered the Great and Lesser Antilles, as well as the island of Trinidad.

As part of the first expedition in 1492, ColumbusDiscovered the islands of Cuba, Haiti, as well as the Bahamas. However, the seafarer considered them to be the new lands of East Asia. Already later, the development of lands first discovered by Columbus began.

During the second expedition (1493-1494), Columbus discovered several more islands. In particular, Puerto Rico. The cube and Jamaica were investigated.

In 1498, during the third expedition, ships under the guidance of Columbus were opened to Trinidad.

During the last expedition Columbus opened the coast of Central America. At that time, he already knew that the lands he had seen before were not Indian or Chinese.

He graduated from the days of his life Christopher Columbus inSpain in 1509 year. His remains were sealed first in Seville, and then transported to the West Indies. However, over time, the remains of the great traveler returned to Spain. Now in the Seville Cathedral there is a tomb of the great seafarer.