Tip 1: How to make paper

Hi-tech

Tip 1: How to make paper

Mankind owns the secret of making paperMore than one hundred years. To date, the most common material used to produce paper on an industrial scale is wood. In most modern paper mills, paper made from wood pulp is produced. You can get raw materials for making paper from different types of wood - coniferous (pine, spruce, larch) or deciduous (poplar, chestnut, birch).

The production process consists of several consecutive stages. How do the factories make paper?

First you should get wood pulpfrom the raw material. There are two ways of obtaining it: mechanical and chemical. The mechanical method is considered more economical and consists in grinding and mixing with the water of wood blanks. But such paper does not produce the highest quality paper - it is not strong, and therefore is mainly used for printing periodicals (newspapers).
From cellulose, chemically taught,Make high quality paper - it is used for printing books, glossy magazines, brochures. To obtain cellulose chemically, the wood blanks are cut into thin chips, immersed in a special solution and heated under high pressure.
The resulting cellulose is washed, filtered,remove all impurities, and also additionally bleach. After bleaching and drying, the cellulose sheets are peeled and mixed with water using special devices. The resulting raw materials are processed and sized. Pasting of sheets of the future paper is carried out by means of pitches.
Depending on the purpose of this or that kind of paper, it is subjected to various additional procedures - for example, stained or covered with a special matting composition.
To get thin sheets of paper, paperthe mass is fed to a conveyor on which it is converted into a thin ribbon, rolled into a roll. All the water from the paper is removed during the processing on the conveyor, and the fibers in the paper sheet are pressed together - as a result, the paper becomes firm and dense. The finished paper is subsequently cut into separate sheets of a predetermined format.

Tip 2: What do paper for magazines

Electronic media allare stronger in modern life, but paper prints are not going to surrender their positions. Today there is a huge number of magazines of different subjects and directions. For the production of these publications, special quality paper is used.

What paper is made of

Manufacturing of any types of paper involvesUse of vegetable fibers - cellulose. This substance is obtained not only from coniferous and hardwood species, but also from rags and waste paper. In the production of some special types of paper, asbestos, woolen fibers and other materials are used. The best raw material for making paper is pine, spruce and birch. At pulp-and-paper mills and factories, tree trunks are cleaned of contaminants and bark, and then crushed to the state of chips on special machines. Consistently passing all the stages of the technological process, the wood turns into small crumbs and mixes with water.

The resulting mass becomes the main component for the production of paper products.

In order for the paper to absorb less moisture, itstreated with paraffins and resins. To achieve a smooth and durable surface of the sheet helps the starch glue. For high-quality printing products, the whiteness and minimum transparency of the material is of importance. These properties provide additives: talc, kaolin, barium sulfate, titanium dioxide.

Features of production of paper for magazines

To the paper for the journal products are presentedHigher requirements. The necessary consumer qualities are obtained using different chemical methods of processing the feedstock. For example, chopped wood is cooked by adding acid to the composition. After this comes the stage of filtration and washing, during which the raw material is cleaned of harmful impurities that reduce the quality of the material. The sheets on which glossy magazines are printed have a very attractive appearance. This effect is achieved by coating the material. Coated paper has no roughness, because it uses fillers, for example, kaolin. During the manufacturing process or at the finishing stage, sheets for future magazines are necessarily glued with binding compounds.

Sizing protects the web from deformation of the fibers, which can occur during printing.

To magazine pages pleased the readerSmoothness and gloss, the paper is calendered. With this special treatment, the web passes between the elastic rollers. This creates special conditions: high pressure and the corresponding temperature. The paper web, compressed by the rolls, becomes less plump and acquires optimal transparency. At each stage of processing, the paper for the journals is subjected to thorough testing and quality control.

Tip 3: How to make paper

Paper is a material that is integralcompanion of the life of mankind. The history of the paper goes back many centuries. It was invented in China. At the moment there are several varieties of technologies for its production.

History of paper

The first mention of the invention of the material forWriting texts are found in ancient Chinese sources. The official date of the first appearance of the first paper sheet is 105 BC, and this event is associated with the name of the dignitary from China Tsai Lunya. Similarity of paper was used up to the novelty, but this material was made from heavily steamed silk or hemp. Tsai Lun made several experiments, which resulted in a unique recipe. In one container were mixed pieces of cloth, ash, mulberry fiber and hemp. All the ingredients had to be thoroughly mixed and evenly laid out in special shapes. Then the billet was dried under sunlight and pressed with stones. As a result thin sheets were obtained. It is worth noting that the exact date of the invention of the paper is unknown. Archaeologists found pieces of paper-like material during excavations in Egypt. Moreover, the date of the finds refers to the 300th years BC.

Modern production

At the moment, paper is produced in factories,Equipped with special equipment. There are three production options - from wood or chemical pulp, as well as from waste paper. Wood pulp is obtained from the bark of birch, eucalyptus, poplar, pine or spruce. The material is thoroughly crushed with special equipment, and then mixed with a certain amount of water. Next, the mixture falls on machines that produce thin sheets of paper by pressing and aligning them. Material of this quality is mainly used for printing newspapers or printed publications at a relatively low cost. The paper has a yellowish tinge and not very high strength. Chemical pulp is used to produce white paper of a higher quality. The process of manufacturing such material also occurs in several stages. The bark of the trees is crushed into small crumbs, which are carefully sieved. Then the sawdust is cooked in huge boilers for a certain time. Only after this, the resulting mass is mixed with a special acid. To obtain more dense paper, shredded waste paper is often mixed with the bulk. The final stage depends on the requirements. For example, if you need glossy paper, then resin is added to the mixture. If you need high-strength paper, then glue becomes an additional ingredient. After the necessary additives, the mixture is sent under a press and thoroughly dried. It is much easier to make paper from waste paper. The "old" paper is cleaned of the ink, which is used to apply images and text. Then the material is thoroughly crushed and subjected to a special treatment, so that a mixture resembling manna porridge is formed. The mass is sent to the rotating belts and subjected to compression, previously the composition is sometimes added wood bark. As a result of this process, white paper is produced, which is then cut into sheets and formed into separate blocks. For the production of colored paper in standard mixtures, dyes of a certain color are added. The sheets that need to be velvety, shiny or embossed are subjected to additional processing.