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Instructions

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Dialectics is one of the methods of conductingphilosophical discussion, based on argumentation, as well as a special way of thinking. This concept, like many other basic philosophical terms, appeared in Antiquity. He introduced Plato in his famous work "Dialogues." He used the dialectical method in describing dialogues with several participants, during which various contradictions in opinions are revealed. These contradictions make it possible to better understand the subject of the discussion.

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In medieval philosophy, the development of dialecticscontinued. Then it meant the art of discussion in principle, which included the correct setting of questions and answers, a competent choice of arguments, and a logical analysis of the material before presentation to listeners.

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In modern times, philosophy has reached a new leveldevelopment, the problems of research have expanded considerably. Dialectics continued to be actively used. For example, a well-known representative of the German philosophical school Fichte created a way of creating philosophical theories through the antithesis, which was very close to the dialectical method. Hegel also made a significant contribution to the development of dialectics.

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Dialectics has become one of the main methodsMarxist philosophy. But, unlike Hegel, Marx considered matter to be primary in front of the spirit and accordingly applied the dialectical method to explain the laws of the development of reality, and not for speculative notions about it.

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Later co-author of Karl Marx - FriedrichEngels formulated the so-called "Laws of Dialectics." The first of these, understood as "The transition of quantity to quality," explained the interdependence of these two categories. This law was explained as natural phenomena, for example, the change in the aggregate state of matter, and social, for example, the change of formations.

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The second law reveals the problem of unity andthe struggle of opposites. According to him, it is the contradictions that lead to development and changes. In the public sphere, an example of this law can serve as a class struggle serving for social development.

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The third law, called "Denial of negation," illustrates the very process of changing a phenomenon. To acquire a new quality, the phenomenon must be lost.

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Also an important part of the Marxist dialectic becameA special method of logical constructions, expressed in the system of "thesis-antithesis-synthesis." According to her, every controversial statement needs to be put forward by another, denying it, and from them both derive an idea-synthesis, consisting of the strengths of both statements.

Tip 2: What is eristika

In ancient Greece, the oratoryskill, ability to conduct a conversation, defend your point of view and change your opponents. It is not by chance that many terms related to the art of controversy, polemics, are of Greek origin. One of these terms is eristika. What is it?

Where did the word "eristika" come from?

In translation from the ancient Greek language "eristikatechne "means" the art of arguing ", and" eristikos "means" arguing ". That is, eristika is the ability to argue, to conduct disputes with opponents. It would seem that there is nothing wrong with this definition, because everyone has the right to his point of view, beliefs, and, accordingly, the right to dispute on any issue of interest to him. However, for example, the great scientist and philosopher Aristotle disapproved of the erist, calling it the art of arguing by dishonest means. Why? The fact is that originally the proponents of eristika set their main goal to win the dispute, convincing the opponent of the weight of their arguments, but over time their behavior has completely changed. Now they tried not so much to convince the opponent of their rightness (which is understandable and natural), how to achieve victory in any way, not paying attention to whose arguments and arguments look more plausible. At the same time, they did not disdain even unworthy methods: lies, the conduct of a dispute on elevated tones, the transition to personalities.

It is no accident that the word "eristikos" means not only "arguing", but also "grumpy".

Disintegration of the eristika into dialectics and sophistry

Gradually, from the erist, twophilosophical directions: dialectics and sophistry. The term "dialectic" was first used by the famous philosopher Socrates, who applied it to designate art to convince opponents of his own rightness by general discussion of a question, a problem and careful consideration of all arguments, taking into account the opinion of each side. "Sophistry" also meant achieving victory in a dispute by using arguments, statements that look absurd and violate all the laws of logic, but with a shallow, hasty examination that may seem truthful.

Aristotle actually identified eristika with sophistry.

Further development of Aristotle's views on thisThe problem was the work of Arthur Schopenhauer. This famous philosopher called eristika spiritual fencing with the sole purpose of remaining right. At the present time, demagoguery can be considered the most similar to that of erist. After all, the demagogue's goal is exactly the same: to convince oneself that you are right, not disdaining lies and other unsuccessful methods.