Tip 1: Why does a rocket fly?

The science

Tip 1: Why does a rocket fly?

Fly to space by helicopter or planeis impossible. Because in space there is no atmosphere. There is a vacuum, and air is necessary for aircraft and other flying devices. But the rocket for the flight, it is not necessary. Only reactive force moves it.

The jet engine is arranged quite simply. It has a special chamber inside which fuel burns. During combustion, it turns into gas. From the camera there is only one way out - the nozzle. It is directed to the opposite side from the traffic. Gas escapes from the nozzle at a tremendous speed and pushes the rocket. There is air or not - it absolutely does not matter. The main thing is that the repulsive force of the gas is powerful enough to lift and move the mass of the aircraft. To put the rocket into orbit, you need a huge amount of fuel and speed, which will help overcome the force of gravity. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate the device to eight kilometers per second. But in addition to the fuel, the engine must also receive air, otherwise the fuel can not burn. Therefore, the rocket has an air supply in the liquid state. It becomes liquid by very strong cooling. In addition to air as an oxidizer, fluorine can be used. True, this gas is very toxic. Rocket has a shape similar to a spindle. This is due to the fact that she has to fly through the atmosphere before reaching the cosmos. Air is a hindrance to a fast flight. Its molecules inhibit motion due to the frictional force. And in order to make the air resistance less, the shape of the rocket is streamlined and smooth. But not the whole rocket hits the space. Part of it is lost in flight. Since the rocket has a very large tank, and the fuel stock in it is rapidly decreasing, it is irrational to transport a half-empty fuel compartment. Scientist Konstantin Tsiolkovsky solved this issue as follows: invented multi-stage missiles. They represent several missiles in one. The first stage and its engines are responsible for the start. It is the largest and most powerful in the whole design, since it has a difficult task: to lift the rocket into the air. At the end of the fuel stage is separated and the next one begins to work. The engines in it are weaker, because the rocket is much easier and the air resistance is constantly decreasing. And so step by step. In space there remains the smallest of them to which the spaceship is attached.

Tip 2: Why do airplanes fly

Actually, it looks like a miracle. A winged machine weighing tens and even hundreds of tons, overcoming the earth's gravity, easily soars up and soars like a bird in the sky. What force holds it in the air?

Instructions

A bit of history In 1738 Swiss scientist Daniil Bernoulli produced a law named after him. According to this law, as the flow velocity of a liquid or gas increases, the static pressure in them decreases and vice versa, with a decrease in speed, it increases. In 1904 the Russian scientist N.E. Zhukovsky developed a theorem on the lifting force acting on the body, streamlined by a plane-parallel flow of gas or liquid. According to this theorem, the body (wing), which is in a moving fluid or gas medium, has an elevating force, the value of which depends on the parameters of the medium and the body. The main result of Zhukovsky's work was the formula of the coefficient of lift.

Lifting powerWheel wing profileasymmetric, its upper part is more convex than the lower one. When the aircraft is moving, the speed of the air stream passing from the top of the wing is higher than the speed of the flow passing from the bottom. As a result, (according to Bernoulli's theorem), the air pressure under the wing of the aircraft becomes higher than the pressure above the wing. Due to the difference in these pressures, a lifting force (Y) appears, pushing the wing upwards. Its value is: Y = Cy * p * V² * S / 2, where: - Cy is the lift factor, - p is the density of the medium (air) in kg / m³, S is the area in m 2, V is the flow rate in m / s.

Under the action of different forces, the plane moving inair space, there are several forces: - engine thrust (propeller or jet), pushing the aircraft forward; - frontal resistance directed backwards; - the force of gravity of the Earth (the weight of the aircraft), looking down, - the lifting force pushing the plane up. The meaning of the lift and drag depends on the shape of the wing, the angle of attack (the angle at which the stream meets the wing) and the density of the air flow. The latter in turn depends on the speed of the aircraft and on the atmospheric air pressure.

When the plane is dispersed and its speed is increased,the lifting force increases. As soon as it exceeds the weight of the aircraft, it soars up. When the plane moves horizontally at a constant speed, all forces are balanced, their resultant (total force) is zero. The shape of the wing is chosen such that the drag is as small as possible and the lifting force is as high as possible. Lifting power can be increased, increasing the speed of movement and the area of the wings. The higher the speed of movement, the smaller the wing area and vice versa.

Tip 3: How does the Topol rocket work?

Almost immediately after its appearance, the rockets becameused in military affairs. Evolution in military missile construction led to the emergence of powerful complexes equipped with long-range missiles. In Russia, one of the most effective missile systems of the Topol class.

Topol and Topol-M are missilecomplexes of strategic designation, which include intercontinental ballistic missiles 15Zh58 and 15Zh65, respectively. The missiles of both complexes have three stages with solid-propellant engines and warheads equipped with nuclear charges. The "Topol" complex exists only in mobile, and "Topol-M" both in mobile and stationary (mine-based) variants. The work of the missiles of "Topol" and "Topol-M" complexes begins with their launch. Up to this point, the missiles are in sealed transport-launch containers, which exclude their damage, as well as accidental contamination of the environment with radioactive materials. Before the launch of missiles of mobile complexes, the transport-launch containers are transferred to a vertical position. This is not required for mine basing. The missiles of the Topol class are launched by a "mortar launch" - the rocket is thrown out of the container by a powder pressure accumulator, after which the engines start dispersing it. The missile flight trajectory is divided into three sections: active, passive and atmospheric. On the active site, speed is set and the military unit is withdrawn from the atmosphere. In this phase, the engines of all stages are consistently worked out (after the burning of the fuel the stage is separated). Also at this stage, the missile carries out intensive maneuvering to evade anti-missiles and accurately reach the trajectory. On the missiles of the "Topol" complex, the course is controlled by means of a grid-shaped aerodynamic rudders installed on the first stage. All stages of the Topol-M missiles are equipped with swivel nozzles, due to which maneuvering is performed. At the beginning of the passive section of the trajectory, the head part separates from the last stage of the missile. It maneuvers for difficulty intercepting, targeting for the most accurate hit, and also spreading false targets to counter the anti-ballistic missile defense systems. To this end, the Topol missile has one propulsion system. The top-of-the-range missiles of the Topol-M complexes contain several dozens of corrective engines, many active and passive false targets. In the final phase, the warheads are separated from the missile's head parts. The head part explodes, clogging the space with fragments, which also act as false targets. The atmospheric section of the trajectory begins. Combat units enter the atmosphere and after 60-100 seconds they explode in close proximity to targets.

Tip 4: How to learn to fly by helicopter

One of the most attractive, albeit expensivetypes of air transport - a helicopter, which, unlike an airplane, does not need a long runway. Private helicopters become frequent guests in the Russian sky, but before you sit at the helm, you need to learn how to manage this complex machine.

Instructions

To learn how to fly a helicopterlevel of the amateur pilot, it is necessary to listen to a course of theoretical lectures, including lectures on aerodynamics, navigation techniques, familiarity with the principle of flight and the arrangement of a helicopter. Naturally, one can not do without practical training. According to aviation rules, to obtain a certificate of the amateur pilot, you must have 42 flying hours. Such a certificate will give you the right to fly a helicopter for your own needs, that is, you will not be able to work as a pilot for hire. The certificate is issued for a period of two years, at the end of which it can be extended by passing the credits in the qualification commission.

In Russia, many organizations havelicenses that allow training of civil aviation pilots. In addition to universities and institutes preparing pilots for air transportation, various aviation clubs are engaged in training. For example, in Moscow there are 5 aviation clubs and firms where you can take courses to obtain a pilot's license. The duration of the course is about four months. Preparation is conducted by one type of helicopter, and to be retrained to another, it will take about 15-20 more hours.

Unfortunately, learning to fly a helicopter -quite expensive. Depending on the level of the organization, the cost of the full course can vary from 500 thousand rubles to a million. The lion's share of this amount will be the payment of flying hours. However, for such money, some firms provide a number of additional services, up to the order of an instructor with a helicopter "at home." Also in these organizations you can buy helicopters for personal use or rent.

Tip 5: Why Time Flies So Fast

Sometimes it seems that time flies faster than there isactually. And, with age, this feeling is intensifying. With the passage of time, everything is in order: the hands on the clock did not start to spin faster, it's all about your perception.

Happy hours are not watching

You met an old friend in a cafe and did nothad time to discuss and half of what they wanted, as it was late evening and it's time to go home. At the long-awaited concert, the band seemed to perform only a couple of songs, and already begins to collect instruments. You invited relatives on your birthday. There were only a few toasts, and people are already getting up from the table. A good mood speeds up time. Experiencing joyful moments, people are so passionate about what is happening that they do not look at the clock, do not experience boredom, but enjoy what is happening. Time passes simply unnoticed, because you were not to watch him.

Malignant routine

Experts noticed an amusing effect: for a person whose days are deprived of bright colors and filled with routine, the time flows quite slowly. Such people, sitting in the workplace, can yawn, regularly looking at their watches and waiting impatiently when the arrows show six, and it will be possible to go home. At home, they are engaged in cleaning or cooking, they dream about everything to finish and quickly go to bed. It seems that their days are stretched, but later, when they remember the past year, they will feel that he flew in an instant. The reason is in monotonous life and the absence of important events and strong emotions: there is nothing to grasp memory, and all the days merge into a common gray mass.

Time forward!

Many people notice that the speed of time forthey vary depending on their age. As a child, the months dragged on slowly. It seemed that the quarter would never end, and three months of summer vacation were a lifetime, for which you can do so many interesting things. With age, the time passed more and more: December will not have time to start, as the New Year comes, vacation flew in one breath, children grew unnoticed. Scientists believe that there can be two reasons for such changes in the speed of time. There is a version that this is affected by the so-called proportionality effect, because for a 10-year-old child, one year is 10% of his life, but for a fifty-year-old man - only 2%. The second reason is that every day the child is full of events. He knows the world, much for him a novelty, events often cause strong emotions, while the accumulated experience makes experiences less intense. Because of this difference in perception, it seems that time for children and adults is flowing at different speeds.

Tip 6: What speed can the Topol-M rocket develop?

Any ICBM, Topol-M, including, has speedin the range from 6 to 7.9 km / s. The maximum distance at which Topol-M can hit targets is 11,000 km. Declination and the speed limit of ICBMs are determined at the moment of launch, they depend on the set goal.

American ABM against Topol-M

When the US Army Lt. Gen. announced thatThe first tests of an interceptor missile, the engine of which uses kinetic energy, have been completed, and they are planned to be used only in the next decade, V.V. Putin commented on this. He noted that these missile defense complexes are very interesting, only effective for objects that move along a ballistic trajectory. For the ICBM, these interceptors are what they are, which is not. Flight tests "Topol-M" ended in 2005. Strategic Missile Forces have already received ground-based mobile missile systems. The United States is trying to place its means of interception as close as possible to the borders of the Russian Federation. They believe that the missiles must be fixed at the time of launch and destroyed before the fighting block separates. "Topol-M" has three solid-propellant engines, thanks to them it is much faster than its predecessors, gaining speed, and this makes it much less vulnerable. At the same time, this ICBM can maneuver not only in the horizontal plane, but also in the vertical plane, so its flight is absolutely unpredictable.

What is Topol-M?

Modern Topol-M ICBM is equipped with maneuveringhypersonic nuclear unit. This cruise missile has a ram jet engine that can accelerate it to supersonic speed. At the next stage, the marching engine is activated, which provides the ICBM with cruising flight, the speed is 4 or 5 times higher than the speed of sound. Once the US refused to develop such missiles, finding them too expensive. Russia stopped developing ultra-high-speed rockets in 1992, but soon it resumed. When the press discussed the launch of this missile, special attention was paid to the unusual behavior of the warhead from the point of view of the laws of ballistics. Then it was suggested that it is equipped with additional engines that allow the warhead to unpredictably maneuver in the atmosphere at a very high speed. The direction of flight, both in the horizontal plane and in the vertical plane, changed very easily, and the apparatus did not collapse. In order to destroy such an ICBM, it is necessary to accurately calculate the trajectory of its flight, but this can not be done. Thus, thanks to the huge speed and maneuverability, the Topol-M is able to easily bypass modern missile defense systems, even those that are currently in the US development. From the adopted ballistic missiles "Topol-M" is different in that it can change the trajectory of flight independently, and at the very last moment. It can also be retargeted over enemy territory. In the Topol-M ICBM, a warhead can be made divided, carrying three charges that will hit targets 100 km after the point of separation. Parts of the warhead are separated after 30-40 seconds. No reconnaissance system is capable of fixing either combat blocks or the moment of their separation.

Tip 7: How to build a rocket model

Immediately after the launch in 1957 of the first artificial Earth satellite in the USSR, modelers around the world began to build booster rocket models. Such a model does not fly, but simply decorates the interior of the room in which it is installed.

Instructions

Ask the plumbing for a piece of plastic water pipe with a diameter of about 8 and a length of about 20 centimeters. Such short lengths of pipes for plumbers are considered waste.

Prepare a support from the chipboard. In its middle, drill a hole about 5 millimeters in diameter. Next to it, place the bracket four centimeters taller than the length of the pipe. On the bracket, secure the small bulb from the flashlight. Route the wires from it through the hole so that they are on the underside of the stand.

Provide the stand with soft feet so that it does not scratch the table or press the wires.

On the length of the pipe make a lateral hole withso that it is exactly opposite the light bulb. Tighten it from the inside with a piece of plastic, cut from a plastic bottle of the desired color. It will be a porthole.

Place the tube on the stand so thatthe bulb was in front of the hole and in the center of the pipe. Glue it to the ground in this position. Leave the construction in this form for a day, so that the glue is completely dry.

From the cardboard, make four identical rectangular triangles. Glue them to the pipe on four sides to get an imitation stabilizer.

Glue a small cone from the paper. The diameter of the base of this cone should be equal to the diameter of the pipe. Glue it to the top of the model rockets.

Paint the rocket and the base using gouache. Draw on it the desired drawings, inscriptions.

Connect the light bulb to the power supply, voltagewhich is one and a half to two times less than its nominal. Thanks to the supply of reduced voltage, it will not burn for a long time, which is especially important because all connections in the model are glued, and its disassembly is difficult. Do not leave model with the lamp turned on unattended.

Tip 8: How to make a rocket out of paper

A flying rocket is not necessaryexpensive purchase of pyrotechnics in the store. You can easily make such a rocket from paper. First, the paper rocket is much safer. Secondly, it will not need large financial and time costs. Thirdly, you can make such missiles exactly as much as you want to please your child every day. In this article, we will talk about the basic rules for assembling a paper rocket.

A flying rocket is not necessarily an expensive purchase in a fireworks store

Instructions

The basis of a paper rocket is a hermetic construction of thick paper, made in the form of an accordion. The design serves as a rocket launch pad.

Find the pattern of the accordion pad and, as accurately as possible, cut it out of thick paper or cardboard. Carefully bend the casing so that it forms an accordion.

After the accordion assembly is completed,glue the lower plane to it, carefully gluing the joints with glue - if you do not do this and check the tightness of the gluing, air will get into the design, and this will make launching the missile impossible.

Then, in the same way, glue the upper plane to the accordion, after gluing to it from the outside the launcher of the cardboard, checking the tightness of the joints of the shaft and the upper plane.

After the plane with the shaft is glued to the accordion, wait for the adhesive to dry completely and try pressing the accordion by closing the hole in the shaft.

If everything is done correctly and nowhere is a leak, the air will not come out. If the air somewhere comes out - find the hole and seal it again.

Making the launch pad, make the missile itself. The rocket should be of such diameter that it without gaps and cracks tightly grasped the starting shaft outside.

To the cardboard tube of the rocket from above, glue a cone-shaped fairing, and from below - elements of the tail empennage.

Put the prepared rocket on the starting shaft and try to start it. To do this, place the platform with the prepared missile on an even surface, on which the platform will not slide.

With force, strike flat on the upper plane of the accordion so that the rocket soars upwards.

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