Tip 1: What is the phenomenon of nature

The science

Tip 1: What is the phenomenon of nature

In nature there are constantly different metamorphoses: it's clear weather, then the wind blows, then leaves fall, then a rainbow appears in the sky. All these are examples of so-called phenomena nature.

Instructions

Phenomena nature - this is all sorts of changes that occur in animate or inanimate nature. They are classified by the nature of the impact, origin, duration, regularity of action, scale of distribution.

By origin, they are divided intoclimatic, geological-geomorphological, biological, cosmic and biogeochemical. The most common natural phenomena are climatic (typhoon, blizzard, rain) and geological-geomorphological (tsunami, soil erosion, earthquakes, volcanoes).

By duration of action, they can be dividedon: - instantaneous, which usually lasts a few seconds and minutes (earthquake, volcanic eruption) - short-term, they can last several hours or days (squall, icicles, flood, full moon, rain, intense heat; - long-lasting months and years (climate change, drying up of the river).

Phenomena nature by regularity, the actions are divided into diurnal and seasonal. The first, in particular, include sunrise and sunset, and to the second - leaf fall, melting snow in the spring,phenomenon kidney.

A particular danger to humans is thenatural phenomena. These include a tornado, lightning, typhoon, sel. They have a destructive effect and can lead to serious man-made accidents.

Of particular interest are the so-called unusual phenomena nature. Among them, a stellar rain is a stream of meteors that, when entering the earth's atmosphere, instantly burn in it and form an enchanting glow in the night sky. Unusual phenomenonm nature the moonbow rainbow is also considered a light thatreflected from the full moon. It can be observed only in places with high humidity. To the amazing and rare phenomena can also be attributed polar lights, halos, mirages.

Tip 2: What is lightning

Lightning is the most powerful electrical discharge, whichoccurs when there is a strong electrization of clouds. Lightning strikes can occur both inside the cloud and between neighboring clouds, which are highly electrically induced. Sometimes a discharge occurs between the earth and an electrified cloud. Before a flash of lightning, there are differences in electrical potentials between the cloud and the ground or between neighboring clouds.

One of the first who established the interactionelectric discharges in the sky, was an American scientist, who in part occupied an important state post - Benjamin Franklin. In 1752 he had an interesting experience with a kite. To his cord, the tester attached a metal key and, during the storm, launched a snake. after some time, lightning struck the key, emitting a sheaf of sparks. Since then, lightning has been studied in detail by scientists. This surprising phenomenon of nature can be extremely dangerous, causing serious damage to power lines and other high buildings. The main reason for the occurrence of lightning lies in the collision of ions (impact ionization). The electric field of the cloud has a very high intensity. In this field, free electrons get huge acceleration. When they collide with atoms, they ionize them. Eventually, a flow of fast electrons occurs. Shock ionization forms a plasma channel through which the main current pulse passes. There is an electrical discharge, which we observe in the form of lightning. The length of such a discharge can reach several kilometers and last up to several seconds. Lightning always accompanied by a bright flash of light andthunder. Very often lightning occurs during a thunderstorm, but there are exceptions. One of the most unexplored natural phenomena associated with electrical discharges is ball lightning. It is only known that it arises suddenly and can cause considerable damage. So why is lightning so bright? The strength of the electric current when struck by lightning can reach 100,000 amperes. At the same time, huge energy is released (about a billion Joules). The temperature of the main channel reaches almost 10,000 degrees. These characteristics and give rise to a bright light, which can be observed with a lightning bolt. After such a powerful electric discharge, a pause occurs, which can last from 10 to 50 seconds. During this time, the main channel almost dies, the temperature in it falls to 700 degrees. Scientists have established that the bright glow and heating of the plasma channel propagates from the bottom up, and the pauses between the glows are only tens of fractions of a second. This is why a person perceives several powerful impulses as a single bright flash of lightning.

Tip 3: What is Sel

Celt - a phenomenon attributable to the category of spontaneousdisasters; suddenly falling from the mountains stream, consisting of water, mixed with products of destruction of rocks (clay, earth, sand and stones). The danger of mudflow lies in its enormous destructive force, combined with the factor of surprise.

Celt, silk or mudflow - all these are namesone and the same phenomenon of nature in the form of a mass rapidly falling from the mountains, half consisting of water, half - of clay, sand, small and large stones. Celt occurs suddenly and runs out after 1-3 hours, butfor this short time on its way sweeps everything from the face of the earth. The destructive power of the mudflow is enormous. The water-mud flow tears the roots of the trees, destroys bridges, dams, houses. Celt moves with a strong noise, the earth shudders fromblows of stone blocks. In this case, the motion of the mudflow is not continuous, but wave-like (individual shafts). The village is moving very fast, and from the moment of its inception in the mountains to the outlet of the stream to the valley, sometimes only 20-30 minutes pass. Depending on the composition, mudflows are divided into: • mud - a mixture of water with earth and a small amount of stones • mud - water with earth, gravel, pebbles, small stones • Vodokamennye - a mixture of water with large stones and blocks. All the area of origin and action of mudflow is called the mudflow pool. Rural is formed in case of coincidence of three conditions: • Accumulation of a significant amount of water in the mountains • Presence on the mountain slopes within the mudflow basin of a sufficient amount of sand, stones, pebbles, gravel, i.e. easily moving masses • The steepness of mountain slopes on the mudflow area is not less than 10-15˚. The following factors can serve as a trigger for descending mud flow: • Strong and prolonged torrential rains in the mountains • Rapid melting of mountain glaciers and snows • Emissions of volcanoes and earthquakes • Explosive work carried out in the mountains • Deforestation on the slopes • Large-scale construction works. A person who is on the way of the descent of mudflow can not be saved. Salvation - only in advance departure from the mudflow path. Unfortunately, it is not possible to predict the emergence of mudflow in our time. Therefore, having heard the noise of the mudflow, one must immediately rise from the bottom of the valley to the mountains, up and away from the mass of water that rushes down with earth and stones. It should also be taken into account that large stones and whole blocks of stone can be thrown out of the stream.

Tip 4: What is a mirage

At all times, people have seen mirages. In ancient times, they explained their interferencegods or spirits. Today it is known that the otherworldly forces have nothing to do with it. Mirage is an optical phenomenon in the atmosphere, a game of light rays, thanks to which imaginary images of objects appear in the zone of visibility.

This phenomenon occurs because the light passing throughthrough layers of air of varying density, is refracted. In this case, distant objects can appear to be as if elated. They can also distort and acquire the most fantastic forms. Although such natural phenomena are commonly associated with deserts, very often they can be observed in the mountains, above the water surface, even in megacities. These fabulous pictures can be seen wherever sudden changes in temperature occur. There are several types of mirages. The first includes the lower (lake) mirages - when a remote, flat surfacebecomes an open water. Such an illusion arises in deserts, on an asphalt road. Above the heated surface, a kind of layered pie is formed from the air. Light waves, passing through the most heated and rarefied layer closest to the earth, are distorted, since their velocity depends on the density of the medium. Lake mirages - the most common.The second type of mirages is called upper, or distant. They are more picturesque in comparison with the lower ones, but they appear much less often. Remote objects appear in the sky in an inverted form, and sometimes over them there is also a direct image of the same object. In such an air screen, cities, mountains that are hundreds of kilometers away from observers can be reflected. Such mirages Typical for cold regions, when a warm layer of air is above the cold layer. In the upper mirages, the objects are seen more clearly. Lateral mirages arise near vertical surfaces, stronglywarmed by the sun. This species often appears on the Lake Geneva. Another type of mirages was given the beautiful name of fata morgana. These are the most beautiful of such phenomena. Sometimes a layer of cold air forms over warm waters, in which magical castles, fabulous palaces, gardens arise. These fantastic pictures are constantly changing. According to Arabic legends, the evil fairy Morgan loved to tease the travelers, exhausted by thirst, she lured them into the most hot places, showing ghost fountains, blossoming oases, palaces with lush gardens. Science finds it difficult to give a reliable explanation for these mirages. To the Fata Morgan, there are also numerous "volatile Dutch", which seafarers sometimes see. A less mysterious phenomenon is chronomirages. They reflect events that have taken place in the past. Particularly notable mirages past battles and battles. Despite the frequency of these natural phenomena, it is very difficult to study them. It is not known where and when the mirage will appear and how long it will last. It is impossible not to say that this beautiful and mysterious spectacle can be very dangerous. History knows a lot of cases when mirages ruined or demented their victims.

Tip 5: What is the natural system of nature

To answer the question, what is natural system nature, first we need to find out what is system, systemtika, natural nature and who first undertook to disintegrate and order the world that surrounds us.

So, the system is a set of elements,which are in communication with each other and form a certain integrity. The system can denote both real and abstract concepts. Any object that consists of components can be considered as a subsystem of the whole, highlighting in it individual parts and their interaction. What is natural nature - this question is more difficult to answer unequivocally. Nature and naturalness are words very close to each other. After all, nature is all life around us, and even ourselves. To say that nature is not natural is to challenge yourself and your naturalness. So, the natural system nature is nature itself, that is, living organisms. They, in turn, being components nature, are subject to classification based on certain principles that lay the foundation of the system. That is natural system nature there is an attempt of a curious person to decompose the world,in which we live, "on the shelves" and attribute each of its manifestations to successively subordinate constituents. Theoretically, it is assumed that system on the one hand, it is the basis of natural phenomena, on the other hand it is only a stage on the way of scientific research. In accordance with the principle of cognitive inexhaustibility nature natural system unattainable. But, on the other hand, any attempts at classification nature It is assumed that the structure nature cognizable until the end, and therefore that the construction of a complete and comprehensive natural system nature perhaps. Classifications nature for today is constructed on hierarchicalprinciple. All levels of the hierarchy have their own names. There are seven levels. It is generally accepted that any organism belongs to all seven levels. This principle of constructing a system is called the Linnean hierarchy, since it was Karl Linnaeus who founded the traditions of modern scientific systemtics.

Tip 6: What is the wind

Depending on their strength and speedcan change everything around. Where are the causes of their occurrence? Since ancient times, people have seen in the winds the presence of the living forces of the universe and the cosmos, the influence of the gods.

Instructions

The wind is the movement of air thatcharacterized by speed. To determine it, seafarers apply the Beaufort scale, consisting of 12 points, where the zero mark means total calm, and 12 points determine the hurricane. There is also a Fujita scale or F-scale, consisting of thirteen categories from F0 to F12. It is used in the classification of tornadoes, takes into account wind speed and damage. The value between F0 and F1 corresponds to 11 and 12 points of the Beaufort wind speed scale. F5 - the maximum category that is assigned to a tornado. The rest are introduced only as theoretical.

The cause of the wind - the temperature differenceand barometric pressure of adjacent air areas. Moving from one area to another, air changes its strength, speed and direction, deviating due to the rotational motion of the earth. According to the Beyce Ballo law, in the Northern Hemisphere this deviation is directed to the right, and in the Southern hemisphere to the left. The direction of the wind is indicated by that side of the world from where it is blowing. Usually it is determined by different devices. Sometimes use weathervane.

During the day on the coasts of the planet constantlythere is a change in coastal winds. They are called breezes. At night they blow from land to sea, and in the afternoon - on the contrary, from the sea to land. On the coasts of the Black and Mediterranean seas, the northern winds of boron or borea are known. In the summer in the Alps there are hairdryers - scorching, southern winds from the deserts of Asia and Africa. Their whiff lasts a few hours a day, bringing fine sand and ash. At the same time, the temperature rises to 40 ° C and higher. Hairdryers cause huge damage to people, local flora and fauna.

Constant winds of tropical countries - trade winds andmonsoons. Trade winds blow all year round. The reason for their occurrence is the diurnal rotation of the Earth and solar heat. Monsoon - the winds of the seasons. For example, in the Indian Ocean, the north-east monsoon prevails in winter, and in the summer - the south-western monsoon.

In addition, in the eastern exercises, the wind isa symbol of the spirit, its strength and the living breathing of the universe, supporting and uniting all life. The wind is the personification of the incorporeal, intangible, elusive, changeable. It is associated with a string, rope, etc. Winds - the messengers of the gods, indicate the presence of the deity. In combination with fire, the wind symbolizes the gods of mountains and volcanoes. The doctrine of Feng Shui is not accidentally called the science of winds and waters. In ancient China, the Wind God, Feng-Po, was considered the source of the breath of the cosmos and was called the mouth and tongue of Heaven.

In Greek mythology, a special place was given tothe demigod Eolu - master of winds and storms, who could help the Mariners in complete calm and send a pleasant breeze, but could also destroy everything that gets in the way. Aeolus is the god of winds and musical instruments that sound when the air moves.

Tip 7: What are volcanoes

On Earth there is a huge amountgeological formations of various types. But the most interesting and dangerous of them are volcanoes. Some volcanoes are millions of years older than humanity, others have appeared only recently.

The term "volcano" originated from the name of the god of fireThe volcano. They denote geological formations in the crust of the Earth or another planet through which volcanic gases and molten magma can escape to the surface. A similar process is called a volcanic eruption. Volcanoes are engaged in research of volcanoes. They classify them according to activity, location and form. The location of the volcanoes can be different. Today, both terrestrial, submarine and subglacial volcanoes are known. The main characteristic of the volcano is its activity. Distinguish extinct, sleeping, dormant and active volcanoes (in order of increasing the degree of activity). In this case, all and of them are possible eruptions, but they are extremely unlikely to be extinguished. Among volcanologists there are still disputes about which volcanoes can be considered really active. So, those volcanoes that erupted in the observed historical period are recognized as active. However, it is known that after the last eruption, the volcano can remain active for millions of years. There are linear and central volcanoes. The former exist in the form of long faults in the crust of the planet, the latter have a vent (the central supply channel), on the one hand ends in an magmatic focus, and on the other with a crater. According to the nature of the occurrence, volcanos are monogenic and polygenic - they appeared as a result of a single or multiple eruption, respectively. In form, volcanoes are divided into thyroid, slag, dome and stratovolcanoes. Thyroid have a flat shape because their lava has a low density and often flows out of several foci at once. Slag volcanoes usually take the form of a cone with gently sloping edges, since mostly ash, stones and small fragments are emitted from them. For dome volcanoes is characterized by the presence of a wide basalt "plug" (dome), as if covering the muzzle. Stratovolcanoes also have a conical structure, but it is not uniform, since the type of erupting substances alternates with time.

Tip 8: What is the Black Moon?

It turns out that in addition to the simple moon, there is also the Black Moon. So what is it? Let's talk about this a little bit more in detail.

As is known, the Black Moon is the apogee of the Moonorbit. In another way, it is also called Lilith, that is, the name of the first woman of Adam. Lilith, like nothing else, is an indicator of all the created sins of man and dark karma. It can have a fateful impact on the fate of man, but it can do this only if a person has very low spiritual development. Therefore, people who are strong in spirit, it has almost no effect. The most dangerous influence it can have when it is in conjunction with evil planets, for example, with Pluto. Lilith affects a person in the sphere of his sexual life, choosing a partner, that is, in a person's life, it is responsible primarily for his animal instincts. To overcome or at least not get caught on them you can only when you know when will be her next arrival, if I may say so. The Black Moon is not only a fateful destination. It helps a person to understand what needs to be changed in themselves to become better. The Black Moon returns to the same position as when a person is born every 9 years, to be more precise, every 8.85 years. It is at this time that all the fractures and tricky events in life begin. If you do not develop at all, then gradually it will press on the component essence of a person, which will later lead to sad events and will drive him from the true path. But if you start working on yourself during this period of your life, you can go to a higher spiritual level, that is, to a supportive line of life. Lilit tempts a person on his return only when he goes on the wrong path. If you are aware of this, then you have a chance to correct your life option to a more favorable and correct one. In other words, as always there are two sides of the same coin. Of course, there is always a counterbalance to the "dark forces". In this case it is the White Moon Lulu. Astrologers believe that she is the ambassador of our guardian angel. In a horoscope it is very important to take into account all the smallest details. But no matter what and what, it all depends on our actions and actions, which we are doing today, on this day, at this hour, at this moment. Think about what your life is, and, perhaps, you will make it better. Good luck!

Tip 9: Fish-a drop is a miracle of nature

Fish-drop scientifically called psychrolytesMarsidicus. This deep-sea animal is considered a miracle of nature because of its amazing appearance, which brought him the official title of the most ugly creature in the world. Of course, this is a subjective opinion, but everyone who has ever seen this fish agrees with him.

Description of fish-drops

Psycholute Marsidicus belongs to the detachmentscorpion fish, which live near the bottom of the oceans. These fish live at a decent depth, sometimes more than a thousand meters, where the water pressure is greatly increased. Fish-drop is an endemic of Australia and Tasmania, that is, it does not reside anywhere except the waters around these lands. Psycholute marsidicus is poorly understood. But scientists already know how this animal can exist at great depths: it does not have a swimming bladder, which is unnecessary at high pressure, and a certain body structure allows it to withstand a high load without spending a lot of energy. Floats psycrolites slowly, spend a lot of time in a stationary state in anticipation of prey - it hunts small marine invertebrate beings. The kind of fish-drop is under threat. Despite the fact that these fish are inedible, they are, nevertheless, often caught - usually along with other catches, such as crabs. And as this species multiplies slowly, the population takes a long time to recover. Psycholute marsidicus sits on the calf until the offspring hatch out of it, and even then continues to care for the small fish.

Appearance of fish-drops

The size of the psichrolite is small - aboutthirty centimeters. And the appearance of fish-drops is the most amazing feature of it. Her body is a gelatinous, gelatinous mass, similar to a shiny gel. And since the scales on it are completely absent, and the muscles are also absent, this mass looks not very pleasant. But the main feature that gives the fish a drop is an ugly appearance, it is the expression of its "face". A huge jelly-like process in the form of a nose, small "sad" eyes and the structure of the mouth, giving to the fish a gloomy, offended and unhappy species in the aggregate create the image of the ugliest creature in the world. Soft, reddish mucous folds of the mouth resemble inflated lips, and under them there is a large "chin". A smooth large nose hangs over the mouth, the location of the eyes on the head is also involved in creating a dull look. Above or laterally, these fish look more or less normal, but when viewed from the front of her head involuntarily there is a smile, and a grieved facial expression evokes sympathy. Thanks to the unusual appearance of the fish-drop became popular throughout the world and led to the emergence of many jokes. And the Society for the Protection of ugly animals has recognized this fish as the ugliest in the world and reminds all lovers of nature that it is necessary to protect not only darlings, but also terrible creatures.

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Tip 10: Everything about the rainbow as a physical phenomenon

Rainbow is one of those unusual opticalphenomena, with which nature sometimes makes a person happy. For a long time people have tried to explain the origin of the rainbow. Science has largely come to understand the process of appearance of the phenomenon, when in the middle of the 17th century the Czech scientist Marc Marci discovered that the light beam is heterogeneous in its structure. Somewhat later, Isaac Newton studied and explained the phenomenon of dispersion of light waves. As is now known, a light beam is refracted at the boundary of two transparent media having different densities.

Instructions

As Newton established, a white light beamis obtained as a result of interaction of rays of different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, blue, violet. Each color is characterized by a certain wavelength and frequency of oscillations. At the boundary of transparent media, the speed and length of light waves change, the frequency of oscillations remains the same. Each color has its own refractive index. The least of the former direction is the ray of red, the slightly orange, then the yellow, and so on. The highest refractive index has a violet ray. If a glass prism is installed in the path of the light beam, it will not only deflect, but also fall into several rays of different colors.

And now about the rainbow. In nature, the role of a glass prism is performed by raindrops, which are encountered by the sun's rays as they pass through the atmosphere. Since the density of water is greater than the air density, the light beam on the boundary of two media is refracted and decomposed into components. Further, the color rays move already inside the drop before colliding with its opposite wall, which is also the boundary of two media, and, moreover, has mirror properties. Most of the light flux after secondary refraction will continue to move in the air with rain drops. Some of its part will be reflected from the rear wall of the drop and will leave the air after secondary refraction on its front surface.

This process occurs immediately in a variety of drops. To see the rainbow, the observer must stand with his back to the sun and face to the rain wall. Spectral rays emerge from rain drops at different angles. From each drop in the eye of the observer gets only one beam. The rays emerging from the adjacent drops merge, forming a colored arc. Thus, from the uppermost drops in the eye of the observer fall beams of red color, from those below - orange, etc. The violet rays are the strongest. The purple bar will be lower. A rainbow in the form of a semicircle can be seen when the sun is at an angle of no more than 42 ° with respect to the horizon. The higher the sun rises, the smaller the size of the rainbow.

In fact, the described process is somewhat more complicated. The light beam inside the drop is reflected many times. In this case, not one color arc can be observed, but two - a rainbow of the first and second order. The outer arc of the rainbow of the first order is colored red, the inner one - in violet. At a rainbow of the second order on the contrary. It looks usually much paler than the first, because with multiple reflections, the intensity of the light flux decreases.

Significantly less in the sky can be observed three,four and even five colored arcs at the same time. This was observed, for example, by the residents of Leningrad in September 1948. This is because the rainbow can also appear in reflected sunlight. Such multiple color arcs can be observed over a vast water surface. In this case, the reflected rays go from the bottom up, and the rainbow can be "turned upside down."

The width and brightness of the color bars depend on thethe sizes of drops and from their quantity. Drops with a diameter of about 1mm give a wide and bright violet and green stripes. The smaller the drops, the weaker the red band is. Drops with a diameter of about 0.1 mm do not give a red strip at all. Droplets of water vapor, forming fog and clouds, do not form a rainbow.

You can see the rainbow not only during the day. The night rainbow is a rather rare phenomenon, arising after a night rain in the side opposite to the Moon. The intensity of the color of the night rainbow is much weaker than the daytime.

Tip 11: What are short-term memory dips

At the moment of loss of short-term memory, a personbegins to forget what happened to him a few minutes, hours, days or months ago. In this case, the patient can remember who he is, and also is able to restore some of the events that happened to him several years ago.

Types of memory

Short-term (active) memory is responsible forthe storage of information over which the person is currently reflecting, or events in which he is aware. All recent sensations and actions are stored in a special department of the brain - the prefrontal cortex. Active memory can store data about events that occurred as a few seconds ago, and months earlier. Access to the short-term storage of information is performed by the brain much faster than to the section responsible for long-term memory. However, the resources of the nervous system responsible for processing data in the area of the prefrontal cortex are significantly limited. Therefore, long-term memory is much larger and can contain information such as certain facts, personal memories and names of people you have met in the past.

Causes of violations

Dips in memory can be caused by excessiveconsumption of drugs or alcohol. Loss of ability to recall recent events is associated with concussions and other head injuries. Epilepsy, seizures, depression, multiple heart operations can also have an effect on brain activity. Disorder of functions can cause some mental illness, for example, dementia. Other causes include Alzheimer's disease, the presence of cancer tumors, chronic fatigue syndrome, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, encephalopathy, prosopagnosia, fibromyalgia, and the like.

Treatment

Treatment of memory impairments can be assigned toAccording to the disease, which was the cause of the appearance of failures. You should seek medical help if you are having problems remembering the latest phenomena, stop reporting on what is happening to you and quickly forget what just happened to you. The absence of a suitable diagnosis and appropriate treatment can cause deterioration of the condition and symptoms of the existing disorder. Pathological processes that cause memory loss can be accompanied by a number of other notable ailments that affect both behavior and general health. Improperly selected therapy can lead to worsening of amnesia and irreversibility of degenerative changes occurring. To diagnose lesions of the brain, various tomographic and radiological studies (for example, MRI) can be assigned, which in most cases can reveal the existing problem.

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Tip 12: Diffusion as a phenomenon

Diffusion (from the Latin. diffusio - diffusion, diffusion, spreading) is a phenomenon in which there is a mutual penetration of molecules of different substances among themselves, i.e. molecules of one substance penetrate between the molecules of another, and vice versa.

Diffusion in everyday life

The phenomenon of diffusion can often be observed ineveryday life of a person. So, if you bring into the room the source of any smell - for example, coffee or perfume - this smell will soon spread throughout the room. Dispersion of odorous substances is due to the constant movement of molecules. On their way, they collide with the molecules of gases that make up the air, change direction and, randomly moving around, scatter throughout the room. Such a spread of odor is proof of the chaotic and continuous movement of molecules.

How to prove that the bodies consist of continuously moving molecules

To prove that all bodies consist ofmolecules that are in constant motion, you can do the following physical experiment. Pour a dark blue solution of copper sulfate into the beaker or beaker. Top with clean water. At first, a sharp boundary will be visible between the liquids, but after a few days it will become blurred. After a couple of weeks, the boundary separating the water from the copper sulfate solution disappears altogether, and a uniform liquid of a pale blue shade appears in the vessel. This will tell you that the fluids are mixed. To explain the observed phenomenon, we can assume that the molecules of copper sulfate and water, located near the interface, change places. The boundary between the fluids becomes vague, as the molecules of copper sulfate move into the lower layer of water, and the water molecules into the upper layer of the blue solution. Gradually, the molecules of all these substances by random and continuous motion spread throughout the volume, making the fluid homogeneous. This phenomenon is called diffusion.

Is there diffusion in solids

In solids, diffusion also occurs, butmuch slower. So, if we put each other's smoothly ground plates of gold and lead and press them with a load, after 4-5 years, lead and gold mutually penetrate each other by 1 mm. Diffusion is also observed here.

On which the diffusion rate depends

The diffusion rate depends on the temperature. As the temperature rises, the process of mutual penetration of substances accelerates. This is due to the fact that the total velocity of the molecules increases with heating. The previous experience with gold and lead, for example, is conducted at room temperature (20˚C), but in other conditions the results would be excellent.

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Tip 13: What is solonchak soils?

Solonchak soils are complex in the cultivation of soils characterized by a high salt content in the upper levels. In order to improve them in the autumn, it is necessary to carry out a special washing.

Saline soil is a soil in which there are manysoluble salts throughout the profile. In the upper layer of such soil, the salt content can reach 60 percent. The only plants that can grow on highly saline soil are halophytes.

How are solonchaks formed

Saline soils are formed under the influence ofsoil, mineral-enriched waters or saline rock. They are distributed in semi-deserts, deserts and southern steppes, where they can extend to vast areas. In places of close groundwater occurrence, under conditions of the effluent regime, water evaporates strongly from the soil surface. If the groundwater contains minerals, then after evaporation salts are deposited in the capillaries of the soil. Over time, the percentage of their content increases. Sometimes solonchaks can be formed due to improper irrigation, mineralization of sodium, chlorine and sulfur-rich halophytes, salt deposits by wind, etc.

What are solonchak soils?

In appearance, solonchaks are subdivided intoplump, black and wet. For plump solonchaks, a high content of sodium sulphate is characteristic, because of which the upper layer of the soil becomes loose. In black solonchaks there is a lot of soda. This soil is poorly permeable, during watering, brown puddles are formed on it. A characteristic feature of wet solonchaks is a dark hard crust on the surface, under which there is a layer of waterlogged soil. In such a solonchak a high content of calcium chloride and magnesium, due to their ability to absorb water vapor from the air, the soil is saturated with moisture.

Saline soils and agriculture

A solution of salts, which are rich in solonchaks,prevents the supply of nutrients to the roots of plants. In spring such soil does not dry out for a long time, but after drying, it becomes covered with a hard crust and becomes extremely difficult to process. On highly saline soils, the harvest may not ascend or perish. To improve the saline soils, it is necessary to carry out melioration, that is, washing the soil from the salts. Reclamation is carried out usually in the autumn, in the period from September to December. It is advisable that after washing the salt water is washed from the site elsewhere. For melioration, a well-dug site is divided into sectors of 10-20 square meters, then they are surrounded by bulk rolls and filled with water. Reclamation will be effective if the site has a good natural drainage, otherwise the brine will simply go deeper into the soil and eventually rise again.

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Tip 14: What is a tornado as a natural phenomenon

A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that formsin a cumulonimbus cloud and spreading down, often to the surface of the earth. This natural phenomenon from the outside looks like a giant cloud sleeve or trunk.

Reasons for the formation of tornadoes

The mechanism of the tornado is still notstudied to the end. A powerful atmospheric vortex is formed by the arrival of moist warm air, which collides with cold and dry air, formed over a section of land or sea. At the point of contact of various air masses, water vapor condenses, water droplets are formed and heat is locally released.

Warm air rises, forming a zonedischarge, which draws in warm and humid air, clouds and below cold and dry air. This leads to the development of an avalanche-like process of heat energy release. As a result, a characteristic funnel is formed, inside which air rises upward at high speed, spinning in a spiral. In the funnel, a vacuum is created, which draws more and more cold air.

Falling to the ground, the funnel, acting likeA giant vacuum cleaner draws in everything that can raise the air flow. The discharge zone constantly moves to the direction from which cold air enters. From the side there are noticeable bizarre bends of a moving tornado. Precipitation at this phenomenon is usually small or completely absent. The largest number of tornadoes is observed in the central states of the United States, in the coastal regions of Western Europe and in the European territory of Russia.

Classification of tornadoes

The most common are the beadstornadoes. Their smooth and thin funnel is like a flexible, wriggling hose. The length of the funnel is much larger than its diameter. As a rule, such vortices are rapidly destroyed and can not cause significant destruction.

Vague tornadoes are like a clusterrotating clouds, dropped to the ground. The diameter of such a vortex can exceed its height. As a rule, these are very powerful tornadoes, capable of causing great damage due to high wind speed.

Compound tornadoes are often observed in centralstates of the USA. Around the central vortex, usually vague, several smaller tornadoes are formed. Most often these are powerful tornadoes, which cause considerable damage to vast territories.

Fire Tornadoes - a rare natural phenomenon. They are formed as a result of extensive fire or volcanic eruption. The beet-like tornado absorbs fire, which, through a narrow funnel, rises to a smoky cloud. Such eddies can spread forest fires for tens of kilometers.

Depending on the vortex being drawn into the vortex, the substances are distinguished by water, earth and snow tornadoes.

Tip 15: What is snow as a natural phenomenon

Each season is accompanied by characteristicNatural phenomena that will mark seasonal changes in nature. So, one of the signs of the onset of winter is traditionally called snow - one of the many types of precipitation of the earth's atmosphere, which has the form of crystalline water ice.

Structure of snow

Snow is formed when there are two conditions: a large amount of moisture in the air and a temperature below 0 ° C. It is noted that the most abundant snowfalls occur at relatively high temperatures (-9 ° C and above). All because the higher the air temperature, the more water vapor in it, which, in fact, is a building material for snow. The range of water content in snow is quite large - from 0.1 to 4 cm in 10 cm of snow cover, depending on temperature, wind speed, crystal structure, etc. Despite its size (on average about 5 mm), the snowflake has an ideal symmetry , but the special attention of researchers is attracted by bizarre forms and the most different patterns formed by the interweaving of its facets. In this sense, each snowflake is unique. It is already known that all snowflakes have clear geometric lines forming a hexagon. All because the water molecule also has a hexagonal shape. Freezing and turning into an ice crystal, molecules in close proximity are captured along a chain by the same principle. Of course, the bizarre shape is influenced by the level of humidity and air temperature, but the fact that the snowflake is a set of links of a chain of frozen water molecules is no longer in doubt today.

Basic properties

Snow consists of small particles of ice, and thereforeis a substance that is granular and granular. By its structure it is a rather soft and pliable material, if it is not compacted as a result of some external influence, for example rain or strong wind. After several cycles of melting and freezing, the snow becomes heavy and turns into a dense ice mass. The presence of snow cover lowers the surrounding temperature. This is because the white color of the snow reflects sunlight, or the insignificant amount of heat that is still absorbed goes to the melting of snow, rather than to an increase in its temperature. Another property of the snow cover is the absorption of sound and the reduction of the effect of external noise on the landscape. This is due to the fact that between the snowflakes are air bubbles, which weaken the vibration. Walking in the frosty weather along the snow cover is accompanied by a characteristic creak. It is made of snow crystals, which rub against each other, squeeze and break. Snow is of great importance in the process of natural life. It is a kind of natural insulator that keeps the heat of the earth, accumulated in the summer, even in the most severe frosts. Thus, not letting plants and small animals die. In addition, he creates the necessary supply of moisture, necessary for a spring awakening.

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