Tip 1: How long can a dolphin stay under water so as not to drown

Animals

Tip 1: How long can a dolphin stay under water so as not to drown

People have known the dolphins for more than one century. In the middle of the last century, a serious study of these amazing inhabitants of the ocean began. And the fact that they are amazing and even unique - it's impossible to doubt. For example, distant ancestors of cetaceans lived once on land, and then, for some reason, returned to the ocean. Dolphins breathe oxygen. But only recently it became clear how they manage to sleep in the ocean and do not drown at the same time. And, perhaps, dolphins have prepared for scientists many more mysteries and discoveries.

These amazing dolphins

Scientists have an ulterior motive for dolphinsintellectuals of the sea. And it's not that the dolphin's brain weighs more than the human brain. Scientists have determined - dolphins come up with names, they know how they call their relatives. Moreover, they are able to talk about someone third, calling him by name. On earth, no one except the person has such opportunities. In addition, studies have shown that the language of dolphins, like human, is divided into sounds, syllables, words, simple and complex sentences and paragraphs. In terms of sounds, dolphins are far superior to humans. They can conduct a dialogue, being a kilometer apart. And if necessary, they can hear another one and for 20 km. The body of the dolphin is extremely functional. The front fins act as a helm, and the rear acts as a propeller. They are able to develop a speed of 60-65 km / h.

The paradox of Gray, and not only

. With the high speed capabilities of dolphins, the famous "Gray paradox" is associated.

Professor Gray, a biomechanical specialist,calculated that in order to develop such significant speeds with the resistance that water exerts on any moving object, dolphins should be 7 times stronger each.

Max Cameron tried to explain the paradox of Gray. He believed that it was the elastic skin of a dolphin. It is known that all objects when moving in water, create vortex currents, the repayment of which takes a lot of energy. The dolphin does not create vortex flows, it seems to be screwed into the water. And his skin has unique properties - it self-regulates, and can at any time change its elasticity on any part of the body. When interacting with water, these properties contribute to muffling the turbulence directly next to the animal's body. Later, Professor Hagiwara, a staff member of the Kyoto Institute of Technology, found out that the entire outer layer of dolphin skin was completely renewed every two hours. The tests carried out made it possible to establish that the particles of the skin layer being thrown down destroy the resulting vortex flows and muffle the turbulence of the water. But even this is not able to unequivocally explain why dolphins are able to develop such a high speed.

In the end, it turned out that Gray was still mistaken, and the dolphins were stronger than he thought. For example, in a bottlenose dolphin, the tail impact is 10 times more powerful than previously thought.

Dolphins can also, rather deeply dive. A trained Atlantic bottlenose dolphin can dive to a depth of 300 m and stay under water for 12-15 minutes. How can an animal that breathes oxygen take so long without it? It turns out that the body tissues of the dolphin can accumulate oxygen. If necessary, the animal organism uses these previously accumulated reserves.

Tip 2: How not to drown and help the drowning

It is not uncommon for a person who hurried to the aid of a drowning man himself found himself under water. If there are no people nearby who can help the victim, act alone, but be careful.

How not to drown and help the drowning man

Instructions

The safest way for you to save the drowningA person is to find and give him an object for which he can easily grasp. From the shore, boat or embankment, serve a board, pole, branch, paddle or inflatable circle. After the person grabs this object, pull him to him and tow to the shore.

If there is no other way out, except how to swim fordrown yourself, establish contact with him. Shout him to hold on and try to help you. Sometimes the realization that the help is near and the person is not alone is enough for the drowning man to leave the state of panic and begin to swim himself.

But if the victim is tired and can not move himself, ask him to put his hand on your shoulder. Swim with a breaststroke, do not lose contact with the rescued and tow it closer to the shore.

Much more often the sinking person is not capabletake your recommendations, so to avoid danger, tell him about your intentions and swim back. Expand the drowning man so that he is on his back. Then grab the victim's chest or take it by the hair, if they are long enough for this.

Tow a man to the shore, using his free hand, try to keep the head drowning over the water.

Sometimes you can not even get close toA panicking man, because he randomly beats his hands and feet on the water and does not hear your words at all. In these cases, there is a great danger that he can accidentally hit you hard or convulsively grab and pull him under the water. You better wait until the victim is tired, then just grab him and swim with him to the shore.

If a drowning man swims far away, and you are alreadyfeel that you are tired, spread your legs and hands on the surface of the water and rest a little. Otherwise, you will break your strength, you can not help a person and you will drown yourself.

Diving for the injured under the water, you canLose orientation. In this case, do not panic, do not swish randomly, exhale a trickle of air and look at the bubbles, they will show you the way to the surface.

You can reduce your leg when you sail to the aid of a drowning man. To get rid of this disturbance, immerse yourself in the water with your head and sharply pull your foot on yourself, holding your thumb.

Look around for any rescueMeans, if you are not sure that you can save a person yourself. Bring an inflated circle, camera or board. These items will help you when transporting the victim.

If you do not have time to go close to the drowning and see how it went under the water, try to find it. A person can be brought back to life if he stayed under water for 5-7 minutes.

Reaching the victim to shore, immediatelytake measures to release the upper respiratory tract from water and mud. Stand on one knee, on the other place the victim belly down and strongly push his back with his hand. A frothy liquid should flow from the mouth. When the water stops flowing, proceed to artificial respiration and the procedure of indirect heart massage. Do this until the victim begins to breathe on their own.

When a person is better, warm it hotstrong tea or coffee. Remove from it wet cold clothes and rub the body of the victim with a dry towel. Escort the person to the hospital or call an ambulance.

It is especially necessary to act cautiously ifthe victim fell through the ice. You can not run and walk on the breaking ice. Put on its surface a board, a long branch, a ladder or throw a sinking rope or rope. Lay down on the solid ice near the shore, creep towards the victim as much as you can without a risk to fail.

Push the board in front of you so that the drowning man cangrab for her. Pull a person closer to a hard surface. Take off his icy clothes immediately and rub it with dry things. As soon as possible, you need to take the victim to the hospital or call an ambulance.

Tip 3: How to communicate with a dolphin

Dolphins - intelligent and playful animals, communication withThey have a therapeutic effect for humans. Children are particularly sensitive to the good and positive messages of these marine inhabitants. But still you need to follow certain rules when dealing with dolphins, so as not to allow accidents.

Do not frighten or anger the dolphin. It is a predatory and large marine animal that can bite and severely injure a person if it suspects aggression from a person. In your actions rely on the coach, listen to his advice and warnings. With proper communication, the dolphin will remain in a good mood and give you a lot of positive emotions. Respect the individuality of this animal. Dolphins belong to highly developed beings, therefore they have their own character. Do not try to immediately contact them, just stay with the animals until they get used to you. Listen to the trainer, he will tell the correct line of conduct in communication with a specific dolphin. Do not jump unexpectedly into the pool to the dolphin, from surprise he may get scared and take you for a potential threat. Get down quietly, and do not hurry. In the event that you accidentally fell into the pool, do not panic and do not make sudden movements, follow the instructions of the trainer. Do not feed the dolphins without the permission of the trainer. The food you give will not be liked by the animal or will be harmful to it. Even if you give a dolphin habitual fish, it can be troubling that a completely unfamiliar person tries to feed him. Try to treat the beast only after you establish contact with it. Do not throw any foreign objects into the pool with the dolphin, it can be done only with the permission of the trainer. Before you go down to the animal, take off all the jewelry. Do not start immediately touching the dolphin, it may not like the sea animal. You will not be allowed to swim and communicate with the dolphin if you are drunk. The same ban is imposed on people who suffer from any cutaneous, infectious and venereal diseases. You should not be allergic to fish. Swim with dolphins can only not afraid of water children older than five years and adults.

Tip 4: How to learn to draw dolphins

The shape of the dolphin's body is quite simple, thereforeAn animal is easy to draw when it is above water or completely gone underwater. When the dolphin is immersed in it only partially, the artist faces a more difficult task. It is necessary to convey the distorted waves of the outline of the dolphin and the glare of light on its torso.

You will need

- paper;
- pencils;
- paints;
- Brush.

Instructions

The space of the sheet is divided in half by a horizontal line. The right side below this axis is divided into three equal parts and mark with short strokes the second of the segments.

Draw an arc from the middle of the left side of the sheet untilthe top of the selected segment on the right. Parallel to this line, draw one more below - this is the belly of a dolphin. Check if you have correctly determined the width of the trunk - it should be one third of the height of the sheet.

From the section marked to the right, drag two lines to the left. Add them with a vertical segment and round the corners of the resulting rectangle - you will have the tail of a dolphin.

Dividing the back line in half, draw a dorsalfin. Make it narrower at the top. Half of the oval mark the left flipper, right make twice as wide and slide closer to the head of the animal.

From the tip of the nose, draw a line to the right,Draw a small eye at this level. Part of the trunk of the dolphin is under water, so its contours are visually distorted. To convey this effect, make the lines of the back and fins wavy.

Begin painting the drawing with the fillThe main color. To do this, dilute the azure paint with a large amount of water and cover with a wide brush all the space in the sheet except for the portion of the dolphin's head that protrudes from the water.

To color the torso under water, takelight gray color. Apply it immediately until the first coat of paint has dried. With a clean wet brush, draw a glare on the dolphin, and then in the rest of the drawing space, drawing wavy lines.

Mix gray and blue colors, applythe resulting shade is a denser layer closer to the tail and lighten, approaching the base of the fins. In dark gray, draw shadows on the fins, the fin and along the back of the dolphin. Saturate blue paint over the stomach, dark blue - right flipper and tail fin.

The head of the animal is painted in gray, adding a little purple to the shadow on the right. On top, outline the head with a bright blue stripe - it's a reflex from the water. Leave the eye near the eye.