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Infusoria-shoe - who is it?

This is a fairly common form of protozoaorganisms living in fresh water bodies with standing water. The main condition for the habitability of infusorians is the stools, standing water reservoirs with a sufficient number of organic materials in them, serving as food for these protozoa. The second name of this creature is the paramecia caudate from the genus Paramecium. Curiously, the structure of the infusoria-shoe is the most complex of all representatives of this group of organisms.

Infuzoria-shoe. Structure

Its name was given to this unicellular organismbecause of the similarity with the sole of the shoes. It is curious that this unusual form of this creature is caused by a dense outer layer of the cytoplasm. The entire body of the infusoria-shoe is covered with tiny cilia (flagella), located in longitudinal rows. They help the ciliates to move in the aquatic environment: for 1 second the protozoan can cover a distance 15 times larger than itself. Moves infusoria-shoe blunt end forward, constantly rotating during movement around its own axis. Between the flagella of the infusoria are trichocysts - small spindle-shaped organelles that provide it with protection from external stimuli. Each such trichocyst consists of a body and a tip that reacts to any stimulus (heating, collision, cooling) with a sharp shot. The mouth of this simple organism has a funnel-like shape: when food enters it, it is surrounded by the food vacuole, making with it a small "journey" until it is digested. Wastes are thrown out through the so-called powder (a specific organelle). The main mass of these creatures is the endoplasm (the liquid part of the cytoplasm). The ectoplasm is next to the cytoplasmic membrane, having a more dense consistency and forming a pellicle. Infusoria-shoe absorbs oxygen throughout its surface, existing even at its low concentration in water. All this makes it possible to rightly call the infusorian-shoelek the most highly organized protozoan organisms, the apex of their evolution.

Infuzoria-shoe. Reproduction

This single-celled organism multiplies by twoways: asexual and sexual. Asexual reproduction occurs due to transverse division of the cell into two equal parts. The organism of the infusoria still retains its activity. Further, complex regeneration processes occur, as a result of which each of the parts of the body "completes" all the necessary organelles. The sexual method of reproduction of the infusoria-shoe for understandable reasons looks somewhat different. Two individuals temporarily "stick together" with each other, forming between themselves a kind of bridge from the cytoplasm. At this time, the macronuclei of both organisms are destroyed, and the smallest nucleoli begin to divide by meiosis. After some time, four nuclei arise, three of which necessarily die. The remaining nucleus is divided by mitosis. As a result, two protonuclei are formed - male and female. Both individuals begin to exchange "male" protonuclei, after which an additional fusion of two nuclei takes place in each of them, accompanied by the formation of the syncaria. As a result of another mitosis, one of the newly made nuclei becomes a micronucleus, and the second a macronucleus.