Tip 1: How the gearbox works

Tip 1: How the gearbox works

Many car enthusiasts want to understand how the car's components interact, and understand the operation of the gearbox and gear shift mechanism.

How does the gearbox work?

The device of the checkpoint and its operating principle

A checkpoint is a device, an appointmentwhich change the frequency of rotation of the driving wheels of the car by changing the ratio of gear ratios, which are the main components of this mechanism. As it is still possible to designate the principle of the transmission, it is the ability of the transmission, with the same engine speed, to rotate the wheels of the car at absolutely different speeds, depending on the gear involved. The gearbox is a very effective mechanism that can significantly raise the efficiency of the car and significantly reduce the load on engine mechanisms. Also, this mechanism has a reverse function. The mechanism operates as follows - the engine rotates the main shaft of the gearbox, and the driver, selecting the desired gear, replaces the gear pairs, simply switching gear. It should be said that most heavy vehicles have a more sophisticated gearbox. They are represented by a series of high and low gears, which represent a number of transmission gear pairs in addition to the main ones available. Such additional transmissions are designed to facilitate the work of the engine and substantially increase its life. A special utility, as they are called drivers, "halves" affects the starting acceleration of the car, at the beginning of the movement under the hill or with a big weight of the transported products.

Gearbox for cars

But still consider cars. For today, engineering thought has gone far in the development of such mechanisms. In addition to standard mechanical gearboxes, modern cars can be equipped with automatic, robotic, variable gearshifts. All these mechanisms are the advanced brethren of the mechanical transmission. They have many advantages over the ancestral mechanics. The devices of the new generation are very convenient and give the driver comfort and space in control. These mechanisms are very reliable and equipped with all sorts of "smart systems" that, in extreme situations, can help the driver save not only his vehicle, but also his life and the lives of his passengers. Control of modern gearshifts can be carried out not as before with the standard lever of a car on the console, but with the help of buttons and petals on the steering wheel of the car. Every year, car manufacturers try to make driving as easy as possible. And great merit in this process is the improvement of the mechanism of the checkpoint, which is one of the most important parts of the machine.

Tip 2: What is a CVT and CVT?

The variator was invented and patented at the end of 19century, but the first cars with a CVT gearbox became available in the 1950s by DAF. In those years, this Dutch firm produced light trucks and light cars. In droves variators have been used in scooters and cars only in the 80s - 90s.

Externally, the variator does not differ from a conventional automaton

Variator arrangement

Variator can be attributed to one of the varietiesautomatic transmissions. For the owner of a car with a variator box, the control selector and modes are no different from the classic automaton.
The very first variator in the history of mankind was invented in 1490 by Leonardo to Vinci. It was he who first formulated the principles of his work and made the first drawings depicting pulleys and a belt.
The variator is arranged differently. The main parts of the variator are two cone-shaped pulleys, which are fixed to each other by a vertex. Between them is a steel strap. Smoothly moving around the cones, the belt steplessly changes the gear ratio between the primary (input) and secondary (output) shafts of the gearbox. Obviously, a smooth torque change implies a smooth acceleration of the car without jerks and jerks, and also high, compared to other types of gearboxes , fuel economy. Many variators are equipped with a function of manual selection of "transmission". That is, such models have a certain number of fixed ranges simulating certain speeds.

Advantages and disadvantages of the variator

One of the most important advantages of the variator -smoothness with acceleration and economy, comparative simplicity and cheap design. The engine constantly works in the optimal mode, so it does not overload and does not reach its critical points. Increases the life of the motor, reduces noise and emissions of harmful substances in the exhaust gases. There are disadvantages: for example, the inability to withstand high loads. That's why the variators are equipped with a scooter and city cars of low power. Although the latest developments of the company AUDI cope with the transfer of power in 200 hp, and the variator from NISSAN "digests" 234 hp. and is mounted on the crossover. Also cars with a variator transmission can not tow heavy trailers or other vehicles without risk of premature failure of the box.
On scooters, motorcycles, ATVs,hydrocycles and snowmobiles are usually used variators with a belt of a special wear-resistant material. On powerful cars, a steel chain is used instead of a belt.
Also the variator is not adapted for aggressivestyle riding. Many models, of course, have sports mode, but the constant operation of the variator at the limit of its capabilities dramatically reduces its resource. And, although in the "gas-to-floor" mode, the variator will benefit from the automatic transmission, for it it will not pass without a trace. Like models with a classic automatic transmission, cars with a variator can not be towed more than 50-100 km. On cars with a variator transmission it is strictly not recommended to slip and, whenever possible, to avoid off-road. The second major disadvantage of the variator is the difficulty in servicing. Car variators require the replacement of the transmission fluid every 50 thousand, and the belt - every 100-150 thousand. On scooters, the CVT belt is generally considered an expendable material. Each variator is designed for a certain amount of transmission fluid, the level of which must be monitored. The variator-controlled electronics receives data from many car sensors and a malfunction of at least one sensor can cause the entire variator to malfunction.

Tip 3: How to drive a car with an automatic transmission

While driving constantly have to handleto the gearbox and clutch. Drivers-beginners sometimes do not cope with this very successfully. That's why the inventors came up with an alternative control system - an automatic transmission. And although here all actions are performed without the participation of a person, many still have the question of how to drive a car with an automatic transmission.

How to drive a car with an automatic transmission

Introduction

Of course, it is not necessary to study the internalthe device of all the mechanisms of the car, as this is a rather long process. It is enough for beginners to know that in a car with an automatic gearbox there are only two pedals - brake and gas. Now you can go on to study the features of driving.

Simple rules

The selector lever is a switch,modes of the automatic transmission. In general there are several positions, here they are: P, R, N, D. These modes are basic and for simplicity of perception they are indicated by letters. To facilitate movement in difficult areas, there are regimes D2, D3 or L and S. They will be discussed separately later. Some cars have an additional mode W. Switching to winter driving is interpreted as Winter, which is from English and means "winter". Now you need to study the position of the wings.

Parking space

The P position of the stageit is necessary in order to park the car. In this state, the handbrake is activated. To turn the parking on, first stop the transport completely, then press and hold the brake and move the link to position P. In this mode, the engine also starts.

Reverse

The back stroke is indicated by the letter R. You need to use it as follows. First stop the car completely, then press and hold the brake and move the lever to the R position. Only after this start the slow movement. If you do something inappropriately, you can break the gearbox, be careful.

Neutral

The neutral is denoted by the letter N. Needed in order to transport the car in tow in the event of a breakdown. Neutral disconnects the motor from the drive. Therefore, you can, for example, gas, and the car will not go anywhere or just turn on / off the engine. It should be noted that the transportation with the engine switched off in this case must be carried out at a speed of no more than 30 km / h.

Normal Motion Mode

The letter D denotes the normal motion mode,stands for Drive. It is in this position of the wings that when speed is slowed or accelerated, speeds are switched in the gearbox. If there is a D3, then know that this is a transition to a lower gear with a distribution. Used on the road with steep climbs and descents. The brake in this case works much more efficiently. D2 is an enhanced low-power mode. Switch to it when an uneven road is encountered on the way. You can move from one position D to another directly during the ride.

Avoid off-road

If somewhere still had to get stuck, then onthis case is usually there is a L mode or in another way 1 transmission. From dirt in no case can not go to D, since it is possible in this situation the engine will lose its inertia and the machine will get stuck. First of all, try to drive back on your track first, then turn on L, and try to leave. In this mode, you will not load the engine, but it is best to first work with a shovel, push, poddokratit or ask someone to pull you out with a cable.

Modes of the most modern machines

The latest models of cars can, among others, have additional transmission modes. For example, E is economical, S is sporty. Someone they definitely will be useful.

Conclusion

To learn the machine completely, it's bestunder the supervision of a qualified instructor. He will be able to explain what needs to be done to move forward and warn about possible mistakes in advance. And not to hit the instructor in the dirt with a face, remember to get out of the way, you have to press and hold the brake, then if you want to go back, put it on R, if you want to go forward, put it on D, release the brake and gently press the gas to start moving.
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