Tip 1: How are the organizations classified?

Business

Tip 1: How are the organizations classified?

An organization is a complex concept thatrequires a long study. You need to know not only its distinctive features, but also the possibilities of using it. Classification allows you to quickly determine the zone of applied organizations.

Instructions

Statistical organization is a system that reflectsa section of relations between different elements. They are complex elements, but they remain unchanged. Example: the structure of the universe, the systematization of knowledge of any science.

A simple dynamic organization, pre-programmed for a specific result. It is often called a "clockwork". Example: The solar system.

Cybernetic systems or the level of information organization. The second name is "the level of the thermostat". Example: robots, automated control systems.

Self-preserving organization. Starting from this level, it can be argued that the organization begins to possess the properties of the living. The second name is the "cell level". Example: the simplest organisms.

Genetically-public organization. That is, the organization of living beings, which does not have its own will and motivation. Example: a group of plants.

Organization of the type of animals. This level is characterized by the appearance of movements, awareness and a specific goal of the individual elements. An indispensable condition is the existence of a stable exchange of information.

Human. The organization of the common man is a whole science that requires careful study. It differs from other systems by the ability to express one's own will, to remember and process information. Can independently integrate its activities.

Social organizations. This includes various public institutions and firms. In fact, this is a set of people who are making efforts to achieve certain goals. The most common type of system. It is found mainly in business.

Transcendental organizations, that is, those that exist at the moment, but are not sufficiently researched. Example: black holes.

Tip 2: What are cash flows and how are they classified

The competitiveness of an organization really dependsfrom how it controls the direction of cash flows. In assessing the financial situation of an enterprise, this indicator plays a very important role. Allocate different types of cash flows.

What is cash flow?

Translated from English, this economicthe term stands for "cash flow". In fact, the cash flow is the process of movement of the company's financial assets over a certain time period. This refers to the difference between payments and receipts of money for a certain period. This indicator is extremely important, as it helps to identify how the movement of funds not accounted for when making a profit is carried out. It is a question of tax payments, payments under the credit, etc.

The main types of cash flows

There are many classifications of cash flows. Depending on the scale of servicing of the flow business processes, they are divided into those that are distributed throughout the enterprise, by structural units (responsibility centers) and specific operations (the primary object of controlling resources). Also, cash flows differ in the type of economic activity. They can be associated with payments (operating activities), with loans and raising additional funds (financial activity), or represent payments from investment (investment activity). Depending on the end result, cash flows are negative and positive. It is the inflow and outflow of finance. On the level of sufficiency, this indicator is divided into surplus and scarce. By the method of evaluation in time, cash flows are classified into future and present. Often enterprises speak of net or gross cash flow. A pure flow is called the difference between the receipt and expenditure of funds. Gross cash flow is all negative and positive flows over a certain period. Such an indicator may be related to operating activities or the result of single economic transactions. In the first case, it is a question of a regular cash flow, and in the second case it is a discrete one. Cash flows can be formed during different time intervals. Depending on the stability of these intervals, they are subdivided into regular intervals with regular intervals (annuity) and regular intervals with uneven time intervals (leasing payments with a special payout schedule). The above classification allows for more in-depth study and analysis of the cash flows of various enterprises.

Tip 3: What are production risks and how are they classified?

In the course of its activities, any economicsubject may face certain risks. Risk can be called the probability of an unfavorable situation of some kind of activity. At the same time, production risks are classified into separate groups by characteristic features.

Risk can be characterized as economica category that manifests itself in the course of the economic activity of an enterprise. The degree of probability of its occurrence depends on subjective and objective factors. The level of risk can be different in different organizations. Everything depends on the stability of the production organization.

Classification by type of hazard and areas of manifestation

Depending on the type of hazard, productionrisks can be divided into man-made, mixed and natural. Technogenic risks are closely related to human economic activity. But the risks of natural from a person do not depend. These include natural disasters. Production risks can manifest themselves in a variety of areas of activity. Usually political risks can arise due to unfavorable changes in the political sphere of activity. Risks social are often associated with manifestations of social crises. As for environmental risks, their occurrence is due to the civil liability for environmental damage. Especially common are commercial risks associated with the economic activities of enterprises. But professional risks directly relate to the professional capabilities of everyone.

Other risk classifications

Industrial risks are predictable andunpredictable. However, the predictability of risks in this situation is relative. No one economic expert can give an absolute forecast. To unpredictable risks can be attributed some force majeure situations or tax risks. The insured and uninsurable risks also stand out. Accordingly, the insured risks can be transferred to the insurance organization in case of necessity. Depending on the sources of origin, the risks may be external or internal. Here everything is extremely simple. External risks do not depend on the activities of a particular enterprise. And internal risks are usually associated with unqualified management of enterprises. There are permissible, critical and catastrophic risks. So they are classified according to the size of the damage. Constant risks are usually closely related to some constant factors. And temporary are shown only at separate stages of carrying out of financial operations.

Tip 4: How costs are categorized

The cost of an enterprise is a reductioneconomic benefits as a result of cash costs associated with ensuring the production process, economic activities, labor costs, leading to a decrease in the assets of the enterprise. To account for costs, classifications are used according to various principles.

Expenses related to the extraction of profit

This is the cost associated with creating products,rendering services, performing works, as a result of which the enterprise will receive a financial profit or loss. These include: the cost of production and sales of products, the cost of work, services defined in the calculation of production costs, labor costs and social security contributions, costs associated with managing the production process, long-term financial investments, intangible assets, fixed assets, investments.

Non-profit expenses

This is the cost of social support workers,incentives, charity, they contribute to higher labor productivity. There are also compulsory expenses - these are taxes and tax payments, deductions for social insurance, expenses for various types of insurance.

Classification of expenses

Classification of expenses according to the accounting principleincludes: costs for ordinary activities that involve the manufacture and sale of products, the performance of work or the provision of services, as well as management and commercial expenses. Costs for core activities include tangible; labor costs; deductions for social needs, depreciation. The category of other expenses includes: provision for temporary use of assets: costs associated with providing for a fee for temporary use, granting patent rights, financial participation in other organizations, disposals and write-offs of fixed assets and other assets, payment of loans and borrowings, payment for services, penalties, fines, penalties, damages, expenses arising from extraordinary circumstances. In relation to the volume of production, costs are divided into fixed and variable. Constant costs - their magnitude does not depend on the volume of production. Rent, depreciation of own fixed assets, wages, utilities and postal and telegraph services, taxes. Variable costs are a value that increase with output growth and decrease with a decrease. This is the cost of raw materials, materials, components, fuel, wages, repair and maintenance of equipment. By the method of attributing costs to prime costs, division into direct and indirect costs is applied. Direct - costs, which can directly be attributed to the cost of production. Indirect - costs that can not be correlated with specific types of products at the moment of their occurrence, they are included in the cost of products already sold at the end of the reporting period. Methods of cost management are classified as administrative and economic. Administrative prevent unreasonable, unauthorized expenses, theft and abuse. Economic methods of cost management include: planning and budgeting.