Up to what age is the child considered to be a newborn
There are different age periods,Based on these or other criteria for the physical and mental development of man. But regardless of the kind of approach that one or another periodization is based on, they all start in the same way - from the period of the newborn, which covers the time interval from the moment of birth until the baby reaches the age of two months.
Newborn crisis
Many people are frightened by the word "crisis", causingnegative associations. Parents are afraid of the crisis of adolescence in children. The crisis of three years is less known, but it also brings a lot of trouble to adults. Meanwhile, developmental psychology does not put any negative meaning into the concept of the age crisis. Moreover, human life begins with the crisis of newborns.This crisis is associated with the transition from intrauterine existence to extrauterine. Within the framework of the theory of psychoanalysis, birth is seen as a trauma, the consequences of which a person feels all his life. This, of course, is an exaggeration, but birth really becomes a serious shock for the child. It gets to the environment colder and lighter, richer in sounds, the way of obtaining nutrients and oxygen changes, the "weightlessness" that amniotic fluid provided is disappearing. All this has to adapt, it is no accident that in the first days of life children lose weight. In order to facilitate the passage of the newborn crisis, the child must create conditions remotely resembling an intrauterine life. People did this intuitively long before the emergence of scientific psychology: the round shape of the cradle resembling the uterus, rocking, which the fetus feels in walking when walking. During the newborn period, you can take the baby in your arms, not being afraid to "spoil", preferably so that he can hear the knock of the heart of the mother, which he heard in the womb.Features of the period of newborn
Newborn is the only period in whichwhich the biological principle appears "in its pure form," without any social impurity. A child is born with a set of congenital reflexes (instincts). Some of them will soon be extinguished - for example, a step reflex, a diving (holding the breath when a lot of water hits the face), grasping. The latter reflex was of practical importance in the distant ancestors of man, allowing the cub to hold on to the mother's fur. Special importance is for food reflexes. The sucking reflex works whenever you touch your lips or even your baby's cheeks. The swallowing reflex is developed to a sufficient degree, but with it the vomiting reflex very easily comes into conflict, therefore newborns often regurgitate after eating. From sensations the most developed is the sense of touch in the mouth and taste. The vision is worse, muscle sensations. The development of sensations does not happen by itself - the child needs impressions, which he can get only when communicating with adults. If there is a lack of impressions (sensory hunger), there may be a further development gap in the future. Such a problem exists in the homes of the child, where the staff, with all the desire, can not pay enough attention to each baby in the period of newborns and infancy. Approximately one and a half month the child begins to show activity when an adult appears - smiling, waving, expressing emotions in a voice. So the child reacts to any person, differentiated reactions will appear later. This is a complex of animation - the main psychological "acquisition" of the newborn period. From it begins the communicative development of the child, which will continue at the next age stage - during the period of infancy.
