Tip 1: How does politics affect public opinion?

Culture and Society

Tip 1: How does politics affect public opinion?

Without constructing an effective model of communicationbetween power and society, and without the formation of a loyal public opinion, it is impossible to ensure stability in society and legitimize the actions of the authorities. It is the poet of politics that pays so much attention to working with public opinion.

Instructions

Formation of public opinion is carried outthrough various channels of mass communication. Among them, formal (such as television, radio, press, Internet media), as well as informal (for example, rumors, gossip, delusions, myths). Today, electronic QMS, in particular, social networks, blogs, Twitter, Youtube, etc., are becoming increasingly important. A proven method of influencing public opinion is to attract opinion leaders - people whose opinion is respected by the population or acts as an expert opinion.

In our time, the media are called upon to become the fifth power andTo control the actions of politicians for public interests. But ensuring freedom of the media in practice faces a whole range of problems. Thus, the state has exceptional ways of influencing public opinion, including propaganda and censorship. It should be noted that these means of influence are used not only by authoritarian states, but also by those who rank themselves as democratic.

Another way to form a publicopinion is a "spiral of silence." According to the developers of this theory, a person is less likely to express his opinion if he believes that he is in the minority. This is due to the propensity of many people to conformism, i.e. to the passive acceptance of the dominant opinions. It is believed that this is one of the effective ways to combat the opposition. But often the facts are hushed up and in order to prevent mass panic in crisis situations.

Not always politicians use honest methodsInfluence on public opinion. So, the method of "ordinary people" is widely used. He is particularly liked by politicians. This way of manipulating the public consciousness is designed to inspire that a politician - one of them, a native of the people, has common goals with him and understands their needs well, despite a high post and a rather big state. Often, famous athletes and respected people are drawn to participate in order to spread their image directly to politicians (the party). Among the favorite methods is "the formation of the image of an external enemy." This method involves an attempt by politicians to write off all their failures (for example, in economic policy) on the intrigues of external aggressors, whose purpose is to destabilize the situation in the country.

Actively used in the formation ofPublic opinion polls. Manipulation of polls is especially frequent during the election period, when citizens at the last moment can change their mind and cast their vote for the candidate who enjoys the greatest support. That is why the results of public opinion polls are prohibited to be published during the election period.

Council 2: What are trade unions

Trade unions are voluntaryassociations of workers whose goal is to protect the economic interests of workers. Another trade union name is Trade Unions.

Union workers appeared in the XIX century. This was served by the struggle between the proletariat and the capitalists that exploited them. England is the birthplace of the workers' unions. For 1920, the trade unions of the United Kingdom had about 60% of the total number of workers. The organization of trade unions in the United States was similar to that in England. In 1869 the first working professional union was created in the USA, which was called the "Knights of Labor". By the twentieth century, he lost the leading position, which occupied the "American Federation of Labor." Until the end of the XIX century, it was forbidden to create trade unions in Russia. However, in the 1890s illegal associations began to appear in some parts of the country, including Moscow and St. Petersburg. This is connected with the Social-Democratic Party, which launched its activities. At the beginning of the XX century, several first legal associations of workers appeared. The peak of the rise in the labor movement came in 1917. With the formation of the USSR, trade unions became part of the state trade union structure, which had been in existence until 1990. After this, a new stage in the movement began. The Federation of Independent Trade Unions of Russia (FNPR) was approved. In addition to it, other professional associations exist in our country. In general, the reason for the appearance of trade unions was the asymmetry of those rights that the employer and the worker possessed. In the event of disagreement with the conditions, the worker could simply be dismissed, and another was hired instead. But if the disagreement was expressed not by one worker, but by a whole group, then the employer had to listen to their opinion. Modern trade unions affect not only employers, but also state policy in the financial and legislative fields. Scientists distinguish two main functions of trade unions: - defensive (the trade union influences the employer); - representative (the trade union influences the state). Also, some researchers single out one more function - the economic one, the essence of which is to work on increasing production efficiency.

Council 3: What is the legal culture

The basis of legal culture is the property of people to "normalize" relations with the surrounding world. Without the formation of a legal culture, it is impossible to form a rule-of-law state.

Instructions

Legal culture in a narrow sense isA system of normative relations that arise between people or organizations, formed in the course of social interaction and regulated by binding norms. In a broad sense, legal culture is a set of legal knowledge and personal attitudes that are realized in the process of communication and work and express personal relationship to the spiritual and material values of society.

The legal culture of the state is formed onthe basis of the system of law, the system of protection of public order, and the culture of the individual - morality, morality, public opinion. A person can not exist in a society without law and morality. Like politics, they regulate relations in the state, social groups and between individuals, influencing the most important spheres of life.

The main elements of legal culture arelaw, sense of justice, law and order, lawmaking, law enforcement and other activities in society. Elements of this culture include various social institutions - legislative bodies, the prosecutor's office, the police, the court, penitentiary institutions, etc.

The culture of law grows out of custom, closelyInteracts with morality and religion. With the development of society, it has undergone ever greater changes. The basis of modern legal culture includes the principles of freedom, equality and justice: all people are equal and each of them has certain rights and responsibilities. Any arbitrariness and self-will is eradicated with the exception of the right to freely express one's opinion.

The development of legal culture can be carried outOnly in a civilized state that has systems of spiritual, psychological, intellectual and behavioral values both among social groups and individuals. As an integral part of the general culture, legal culture dictates a special form of vital activity of the state and civil servants as the main subjects of law. It promotes the formation of a legal system and regulates legal processes.

For the development of legal culture and formationthe system of law is necessary that the subjects of the state deeply understand the role of law in society, be ready to follow the legal norms, correlate their model of everyday behavior with that adopted by law, and respect the legal values.

Tip 4: How to win a dispute

Often, and this can be clearly seen onan example of politicians, the winner in a dispute is not won by the one who has more weighty arguments, but the one who just knows how to competently conduct the discussion. If your point of view is important to you, learn how to defend it.

Instructions

Paradoxically, this sounds, but one of thesimple ways to win a dispute is to listen carefully to your opponent. Try to understand the point of view of the person with whom you have entered into a dispute. Look for those points on which you could agree with him. To convince someone of something is much easier when you show that you could be on the "one side of the barricades". In addition, clearly imagining how the opponent thinks, from what preconditions comes in his constructions, you will find it much easier to find effective arguments available to his understanding.

Do not let the argument go away in particular, notGet distracted from the main thing. Easily concede on secondary positions, not letting you get involved in a dispute over trifles. To inexperienced debaters it always seems that they should be right on all article, but it is far not so. An experienced opponent knows how to confuse an opponent with strong arguments just by a completely irrelevant trifle.

Ask as many questions as possible. You already know your point of view, just as what it is based on, learn in more detail what the opposite side knows. If the disputant expresses an opinion, find out what it is based on, if it operates on facts, ask questions about their sources and context. Perhaps your opponent is pounding, and you will understand exactly where the weak points in his argument are. Or you will learn something new from his story that will allow you to strengthen your ideas.

If you assume that where you areGo, there may be a dispute on a certain number of issues, prepare in advance. Gather as much information as possible on the issue under discussion, statistical, factual and logical arguments. Imagine how the dispute can develop - what can they tell you and that you can object to it.

Behave correctly. If your opponent turns to personalities or insults, do not be like him, but simply turn down the argument. Do not let yourself discuss the opponent's personality, not his argument.

Watch your voice and movements. The man who turns to shouting and waving his arms does not look either confident or authoritative. He speaks clearly, firmly, but not monotonously, changing the tempo and timbre of the voice, using expressive gestures with his hands, emphasizing the most important arguments. Pay attention to influential politicians - perhaps they do not always know thoroughly what they are talking about when they talk about science, for example, but they influence public opinion, first of all impressing people competent, collected, calm and cold-blooded, and not Nervously fidgeting or flashing like a powder of unbalanced types.

Understand that it is important for you to convince the audience thatIn this dispute, you are right, or to incline your opponent to your point of view. Expect your argument depending on the purpose. If your goal is to convince a group of people, appeal more to the emotions and values of the audience. Even people who are sober and rational follow the laws of sociology. If you want, first of all, to force the interlocutor to agree with you, stick to the formal logic and refer to the position and arguments of the opponent.