Tip 1: For that they released Khodorkovsky
Tip 1: For that they released Khodorkovsky
December 20, 2013 Russian President Vladimir Putin released the former head of Yukos, Mikhail Khodorkovsky, who wrote a petition for pardon a few days before his release. For ten years of imprisonment, Mikhail Khodorkovsky became one of the most famous prisoners not only in Russia, but also in the world. It was customary to refer to him as the number one prisoner, Vladimir Putin's personal prisoner.
Since there are no official statements aboutthe rapid release of Mikhail Khodorkovsky never came, the versions of the answer to the questions about why and why the personal prisoner of the Russian president was released is a lot. Among them there are several main options, voiced by those who are familiar with both key figures of this dramatic story. Two main trends are being mastered: humanitarian and mercantile.
Humanitarian versions
They sounded from a variety of people, from oneparties who are not inclined to trust the sudden good impulses of the powerful, and on the other hand, who do not know other factual material, are inclined to relate the event to the personal beginning of Mr. Putin. The authors of the humanitarian direction suggest that the mysterious release five months before the end of the second term of imprisonment the public and Mr. Khodorkovsky himself are obliged to the beautiful gesture of the Russian president, who decided: a) to pardon the prisoner in connection with his mother's severe illness; b) prevent the number one prisoner from triumphantly getting to freedom and earn a PR-dividend on it, but, on the contrary, personally giving the instruction on release, the president improved his own far-flawed image on the eve of the Sochi Olympics; c) Diplomats of Germany conducted a brilliant special operation to rescue the most famous prisoner of conscience; d) the version voiced by the ex-prisoner himself: he was released in the edification of the arrogant representatives of the power structures.Khodorkovsky: "...first of all he wanted to send a signal to his environment - stop ohrenivat. Apparently, in a different way, except for such a strong enough, he can already put order there, without resorting to planting, can not. "
Mercantile versions
These versions were expressed to a greater extentpolitical analysts, businessmen and opposition-minded economic analysts. The bottom line is this: the former head of Yukos, one of the largest Russian oil companies, was not released for nothing, but because. Because he concluded a century deal with the head of Russia: he takes the threat from Russia, which is part of the economic collapse, proceeding from the Arbitration Court of The Hague, in which YUKOS shareholders appeal to the Russian Federation for 100 billion dollars, and in exchange for it to go free only himself, but also those who remained hostage to the system: former Yukos employees, one of whom, namely Aleksei Pichugin, was sentenced to life imprisonment.The European Court of Human Rights acknowledged thatPichugin was deprived of the right to a fair trial. However, the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, contrary to Russian law, refused to cancel the damaging sentence.Less beautiful, but no less mercantile versionrelates the release of Mikhail Khodorkovsky to the real threat of freezing both in Europe and the United States of America, personal financial assets of individuals in the first round of the country, due to the existence of a closed list drawn up under the Magnitsky Act.
PACE: The Assembly should recommend that member states of the Council of Europe follow, as a last resort, the example of the United States in the adoption of targeted sanctions against individuals (the ban on issuing visas and freezing accounts).In any case, the mystery of the conditions for the liberation of MikhailKhodorkovsky, the answers to the questions - for which they released Mikhail Khodorkovsky or why he was released and why it would not be so soon, spectacularly and sweepingly opened very soon. With the liberation of Mikhail Khodorkovsky begins counting political secrets early twenty-first century.
Tip 2: What is it - modern Russia
In the long history of Russia there were both bright andtragic pages, periods of power and downfall. For example, in the last decade of the last century, which received the eloquent nickname "crazy 90's", it went through very difficult tests. Politicians abroad have already decided that Russia can be "written off". However, their forecasts were not destined to come true.
Instructions
1
Russia was able to cope with the difficulties thatshe was prepared by fate, and again become an influential force in the international arena. And what is the current Russian reality? The period when Russia was not considered (for example, taking a decision on the bombing of Serbia), remained in the past. The Russian state is increasingly confident in its readiness and ability to defend both its own interests and the interests of its allies. For example, only Russia's firm position helped prevent the armed aggression of the US and its NATO partners against Syria.
2
Compared with the recent past, financialthe situation in Russia has become much better. The country almost completely paid off foreign debts and was able to create impressive gold and foreign exchange reserves. Russia has become an important economic partner of many foreign countries, including China. Although it must be borne in mind that it is still highly dependent on hydrocarbon exports.
3
The moral and political climate has changed noticeably. In the "mad 90s", impersonation of many millions of Russians, the imposed cult of money, quick easy profit, unfair privatization, rampant crime, apathy, cynicism, disrespect to Russian history, traditions, values have spread widely. Some people are overly enthusiastic, uncritical about everything connected with the West. Now the situation is exactly the opposite, although the negative phenomena that have arisen in the above-mentioned period of time are still manifesting.
4
The influence of oligarchs and those behind themfinancial and industrial groups is still very significant. At the same time, an indicative process, ending with the conviction of one of the largest oligarchs, MB. Khodorkovsky, played a role. "Financial Aces" are trying to strictly observe the unspoken agreement: they do not interfere in politics and pay taxes, and the state in return does not nationalize their enterprises privatized in the 90s.
5
Unfortunately, the standard of living of some Russians,especially in rural areas and small towns, is still very low. Therefore, there is a steady migration to large cities, especially Moscow. Modern Russians do not think of life without the Internet and travel to foreign countries (if, of course, finance allows). The most popular destinations are Egypt, Turkey, Greece, Finland.
Tip 3: What became Russia under Putin
President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin is one of the most famous and influential world politicians. Not only his adherents, admirers, but also opponents are united in the opinion that V.V. Putin largely determines the course of events not only in Russia, but also far beyond its borders. What are the main results of its activities? What became of Russia?
Instructions
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Putin twice in a row held the highesta state post in 2000-2008, and could be reelected for a third term, but this was prohibited by the Constitution of Russia. The third time he was elected president in 2012. First of all, we must remember what the situation in Russia was before V.V. Putin to the post of president. Decade after the collapse of the Soviet Union is not in vain called "crazy 90's". There was an impoverishment of millions of Russians, rampant crime and embezzlement, the emergence of a class of oligarchs who concentrated in their hands fabulous wealth and got the opportunity to determine the policy of the state, a noticeable reduction in Russia's influence in the international arena. To this, the bloody conflict in the North Caucasus (1st and 2nd Chechen wars), a default in August 1998 and a deplorable tax collection situation, especially in the oil and gas sector, should also be added.
2
Putin, coming to power after a voluntary resignationB.N. Yeltsin, was forced to resort to decisive measures to establish an elementary order. He forced the oligarchs to comply with the "rules of the game", forcing the most odious of them (like the infamous BA Berezovsky) to leave Russia, or initiating legal proceedings (MB Khodorkovsky's trial). As a result, the collection of taxes has increased many times, Russia has not only been able to pay out almost all external debt, but also to create the world's third largest gold and currency reserves. The living standards of most Russians have grown significantly.
3
When V.V. Putin gradually began to regain its lost influence in the international arena, openly defending its geopolitical interests. If necessary, she does not hesitate to openly object and even oppose the most powerful power of the world to the US and its allies, as was, for example, in Syria, or is happening now in Ukraine. In particular, the accession of Crimea to Russia in the midst of the Ukrainian crisis caused a real storm and information war in the West. Russia was in every possible way tried to dissuade from this step, threatening with serious consequences. But the Russian leadership was not frightened. The return of the Crimea with genuine jubilation was welcomed by the majority of Russians.
4
Of course, VV should not be idealized. Putin and turn a blind eye to shortcomings, problems that are still a lot in Russia. Nevertheless, positive changes compared to recent times are indisputable, and only a very biased person can not see this.
Tip 4: Which book will Mikhail Khodorkovsky release?
Russian publishing house "Alpina Pablisher"will release a book by Mikhail Khodorkovsky, which will be called "Prison People". Collected in it short novels, published earlier in The New Times, will tell about the modern Russian prison, its customs and people. About personal experience, received by the author.
"In any case, written in prison shows you that hell is the work of human beings, created and completed by them," - Joseph Brodsky.The book "Prison people" is a continuationRussian tradition of publishing prison stories from those who have been wrongfully convicted. Among the authors of such bestsellers are Solzhenitsyn and Shalamov, Ginzburg and Brodsky. Now and Khodorkovsky. As a rule, in such works the authors do not directly, but through the stories of those with whom their torture chambers have collapsed, through their fate and characters write about themselves, putting the brackets of thinking about the judicial system and life in general.
A Brief Historical Reference
Undoubtedly, among writers, publicists, poets,journalists, politicians et cetera, quite a lot of those who passed the conclusion: both in Russia and abroad - from Cervantes, Kropotkin, Lenin to Wilde, Zhenya, Aleshkovsky and Mandela. But very few, who served their imprisonment in difficult historical times of dictatorships and revolutions, repression and stagnation, and dictatorships in timelessness, reflected the received prison experience on paper. They were not reflected in the form of diary entries, but as literary works."We must become a country of belief, withoutpersecution and violence ... All this will be possible only when the grounds for the revival of the totalitarian regime and uncontrolled power disappear, "- Andrei Sakharov.In modern reality, avoidCollision with the system is impossible. It has never been possible if the system is not built on the respect of the human person. Mikhailov Khodorkovsky's short stories, like Brodsky's prison verses, Sinyavsky's and Daniel's prison speeches, or Sakharov's journalism-all were published and reprinted more than once. Well, the modern statesmen, as if confirming the replica, once defeated by Churchill, about the mandatory appearance of new fascists who will call themselves anti-fascists, are now cited by the maxim of the Enlightenment of the 20th century to justify their own crimes, thereby daily launching an unjust system in a circle.
Zack era of stability
"I feel bitter with this lack of hope, the lack of heartinessour system, from the howls of people who do not want to know the truth and demand one thing: "Redeem !!!" People, stop, look around! Not everything is simple and single-handed, "- Mikhail Khodorkovsky."Prison people" of Mikhail Khodorkovsky -literary work. In short completed novels, rigid publicistic reality and biographical accuracy is combined with generalized, sometimes fictional fates and details.
"Are we able to live peacefully, pretending that we do not care about our fate? How long will the land exist, where indifference is the norm? The time of answers always comes ", - Mikhail Khodorkovsky.Among the heroes of the 17 selected novels are those for whomprison - "mother is native", and those who got into dungeons because of the system "tick". Those who, under all circumstances of prison life, are capable of preserving human dignity even if they fall below the bottom of prison life, like the hero of the novel "Offended" and those who directly represent the state system that breaks down lives and fates, as one of the heroes in the "Investigator".
"... it makes no sense to humble your beliefs on this side of the wall, because you can be behind it," - Joseph Brodsky.Addict from the novel "Here they are" and a pedophile of"Stories of Alexei", informers and slaves, suicides and thieves, and protectors, indistinguishable from the protected - in the novels of Khodorkovsky, prison life is shown as a cut of modern life in Russia.
