Council 1: What is the role of politics in society
Council 1: What is the role of politics in society
Daily from TV screens and fromradio receivers on the audience and listeners are flooded with information flows. The lion's share is news about political events. The role of this field of activity in the life of society is very significant, since politics affects all aspects of the life of the state and its citizens.
What is a policy
Policy as a field of activity includesrelations arising between individual states, classes, other social groups, nations and nationalities. At the center of politics are issues that are directly related to the conquest, use and retention of power in the state. The acuteness of the political struggle at the present stage of the development of society is such that it puts politics in the first row of the most pressing problems solved by civilization. Political figures and those social forces that are behind them actively participate in all processes taking place in socium, including economics and culture. The bodies of state administration, implementing the political program of the ruling circles, adopt and implement solutions that are important for the internal life of the state and for establishing relations between countries within the international community. The main mechanisms of political influence are control over all spheres of society's activities, as well as measures of persuasion and coercion. An important role in the performance of political functions of the state is played by legislative bodies and structures that control the implementation of laws. A society striving to preserve its democratic nature must find a compromise between the subordination of citizens to the requirements of the state and the free expression of their will by opposition groups of the population.The role of politics in society
Being a social phenomenon, politics is called uponperform a number of social functions. Through it, social groups express and fulfill their fundamental interests. Participating in political events, social movements, parties and other organizations are rallying to achieve their goals, the main one being the struggle for power. Through politics, society achieves integration. Taking part in political actions, citizens get an opportunity to join the resolution of social conflicts. Without the political activity of the masses, any state can become a stagnant organism that is incapable of change. Participation in politics for citizens and social groups is a school of socialization and a way to show one's civic position. The fundamental basis of politics is the need of society for self-organization and regulation of its activities. The society, being heterogeneous in its composition, is divided into many groups whose interests and motives often do not coincide. The task of politicians and public figures is precisely to reconcile mutually exclusive trends and to find reasonable solutions that take into account the pressing needs of all sectors of society.Tip 2: What is the role of the vacuole
Vacuol is a cellular organoid surrounded byone membrane and available in some eukaryotic organisms. Despite the similarity in structure, vacuoles can perform a variety of functions.
The digestive vacuole
A person has a stomach - a convenient organ, wherefood is digested, split into simple compounds, which are then absorbed by the body and used for its needs. However, in tiny organisms - the simplest and sponges - the stomach, of course, no. Its role is played by a phagosome, also called the digestive vacuole - a vesicle surrounded by a membrane. It is formed around a solid particle or a cell, which the body decided to consume in food. There is a digestive vacuole and around the swallowed drop of liquid. The phagosome merges with the lysosome, the enzymes are activated and the process of digestion begins, which lasts about an hour. During digestion, the environment inside the phagosome changes from acidic to alkaline. After all the nutrients are extracted, undigested food remains removed from the body through a powder or cell membrane.Digestion of solid food is called phagocytosis, liquid - pinocytosis.
Contractile vacuole
Many protists and some representativesthere is a contractile vacuole. The main function of this organoid is the regulation of osmotic pressure. Through the cell membrane water enters the cell of the sponge or protozoa, and periodically, with an equal time interval, the fluid is discharged outwards using the contractile vacuole, which, growing to a certain point, then begins to contract with the elastic beams available in it.There is a hypothesis that the contractile vacuole also participates in cellular respiration.
Vacuole in a plant cell
The plants also have vacuoles. In a young cell, as a rule, there are several small pieces, but as the cells grow, they grow and merge into one large vacuole, which can occupy 70-80% of the entire cell. The plant vacuole contains a cellular juice, which includes minerals, sugars and organic substances. The main function of this organoid is to maintain the turgor. Also, plant vacuoles participate in water-salt metabolism, the cleavage and assimilation of nutrients and the utilization of compounds that may harm the cell. Green parts of plants that are not covered with wood retain their shape due to a strong cell wall and vacuoles that maintain the cell shape unchanged and do not allow deformation.Council 3: What is Russia's role in world politics
Until recently, there were two superpowers in the world: The US and the USSR, which headed the major military-political blocs. The role of the USSR in the world political arena was very weighty. However, in December 1991, for a number of reasons, the Soviet Union disintegrated. His successor to Russia went through severe trials, and her influence dropped noticeably. Many have already rushed to "write off" her. However, subsequently the role of Russia gradually began to grow, and now it is again an influential "player" in the international arena.
What is the basis for Russia's influence in world politics
The best minds of man for centuries dreamed offair and harmonious world where there will be no wars and enmity, where all respectfully treat each other, strictly observing mutual interests. Alas, reality is still such that they are considered primarily with strong and influential states. Although Russia has not yet reached the former level of the USSR in its strength and influence, it has the second largest (after the US) arsenal of thermonuclear weapons and their means of delivery, large gold and currency reserves, huge deposits of a wide variety of minerals - oil and gas, a quarter of all world stocks of wood and fresh water. This alone makes it a very influential force in world politics.What acute political issues can not be solved without the participation of Russia
Now there are many problems in the world that can not beto solve without the direct participation of the Russian state. For example, in Ukraine, a crisis is raging, which started both because of mistakes made by the former leadership of this country, and because of attempts by the West to withdraw Ukraine from the zone of Russia's geopolitical influence. Unfortunately, the case actually reached the civil war with significant human casualties, and every day the situation becomes more intense. Russia is vitally interested in the successful completion of this crisis (if only because Ukraine borders on it), and without its active participation it will hardly be possible to resolve it. At present, Russia accepts the flow of refugees from Ukraine, helps them settle in the country. More and more important on a global scale is the struggle for energy resources, their unimpeded supply to consumers. Here the role of Russia as one of the main suppliers of fuel (oil and gas) to various regions of the world, thanks to which the European economy can work, can not be overestimated. But it is the economy that largely determines the policy of the state. Russia is one of the "key" players in the troubled Middle East region, where the Arab-Israeli confrontation continues and the civil war in Syria continues to carry out the victims. Thanks to the balanced but firm position of Russia, it was possible to avoid foreign intervention in Syria, which would inevitably aggravate the situation, making it uncontrollable.Tip 4: What role does socialization play in education?
Socialization is the most important process associated withthe assimilation and reproduction of social norms by man. It is a multifaceted process that continues throughout the life of a person. However, socialization has a special urgency for preschool and primary school children.
Inextricably linked
It is worth saying that education and socializationare inextricably linked with each other. Education - an organic component of the process of becoming a person. It consists in the purposeful transfer of knowledge, rules of behavior, ethical norms from the older generation to the younger. A few decades ago, when the term "socialization" was not yet common, it was replaced by the word "upbringing". However, at the present time, psychologists and social educators have come to the conclusion that socialization is a broader concept, including, among other things, the process of upbringing. In general, if we talk about the essence of upbringing as a component of the process of socialization of the individual, then for its successful implementation by the society all sorts of pedagogical practices are envisaged. They have developed over the years by experience, by trial and error. Without education of a full-fledged personality, it is impossible to imagine its socialization as a whole. Whatever one may say, a person can not live outside the society, a society of his own kind. And not having a certain level of education, it is impossible to co-exist in this society with other individuals.From education to self-education
Education is built from the external to the inner. That is, in the beginning parents give the child an example, show him how to behave in this or that situation. He remembers, copies the behavior of adults, while still not internally aware of why some actions can be done, and others - not. This education in an external form. Ideally, with the growing up of the child and his entry into the society, the external cultivation turns into the inner education, which becomes the ethical norm of life. Thus, upbringing grows into self-education. However, the child acquires upbringing not only by "hammering" in it generally accepted norms. He gets an idea about education spontaneously, from the very society in which he already got. Often this happens unconsciously. Parents should know that the society in which the child receives the first and main ideas, tries on all sorts of social roles, is extremely important for him. Therefore, all the good obtained from it, as well as the bad one, risk becoming entrenched in the upbringing of the growing man firmly. Thus, it can be concluded that education is the main component of the socialization process. Along with such an important element of the socialization of the individual as education, social educators distinguish such components as education, maturation, adaptation, etc.Council 5: Social sphere as public relations
The social sphere is vast and multivalueda concept that is viewed from different angles by representatives of various sciences. From the point of view of sociology, it can be viewed as the totality of certain social relations.
In sociology, as in other humanities,there are several definitions of this or that phenomenon. Before considering the social sphere as a kind of social relations, it is necessary to choose the most appropriate wording for this phrase. The term includes all the relationships that arise in the process of human life when considering a person as a unit of society (interpersonal, interethnic, working ties). All the meanings of the concept of "social sphere" are related, although they are assessed in various ways. From the point of view of sociology and social philosophy - this is the area of social life, which includes individual social groups (by profession, nationality, sex, etc.) and the variety of connections between them. Politology and economics define the notion of the social sphere as a set of organizations, enterprises and industries that carry out activities that improve the standard of living of the population (for example, public services, social services, health). From this point of view, this is not an independent sphere of the functioning of society, but an area that connects politics and the economy in which the state's resources are redistributed. Public relations in the social sphere imply that a person, in the process of self-determination and communication with other individuals, assigns himself to certain groups of the population, which in turn interact with each other. Occupying a certain place in the society, a person is tied simultaneously to many groups (sex, age, education, profession, marital status, place of residence, nationality, social origin, social position). Public relations within these groups allow us to describe the structure of society: gender, age , marital status reflect the demographic structure; place of residence - settlement structure; nationality - ethnic structure. It is also possible to single out an educational and professional structure, and social origin and position create a class-class structure, which includes castes, classes, estates, etc. The variety of relations between population groups, classes, organizations that provide an appropriate standard of living for the person, create the basis of the social sphere and are an instrument of influence on it, capable of hindering or accelerating the development of not only this area, but society as a whole.
Council 6: What is the structure of the political system
The political system is a collectioninteractions of various actors associated with the exercise of political power. The political system consists of various elements and exists because of their interaction.
Instructions
1
The political system can be structured according to thevarious reasons. So, its elements are singled out on the basis of various political roles (or functions) of subjects. This, in particular, socializing, adapting, regulating, extractive, distributive, reactive functions.
2
According to the institutional approach, the structureThe political system changes on the basis of the allocation of needs, which serves a particular institution. So, the state's goal is to represent the public interests, the parties express the interests of certain classes and social groups.
3
The greatest spread in political sciencereceived a systematic approach. Within its framework, the institutional, normative and communicative subsystems are distinguished. Together they form an integral political system. The key in the political system belongs to the institutional (or organizational) system. It includes a combination of state and non-state institutions and norms that affect the political life of society. The determining place in the political system belongs to the state, which concentrates in its hands the power and material resources, has the right to coercion to its own will, and also distributes values in society. In addition to the state, political and non-political institutions are included in the institutional subsystem: political parties, lobbyist groups, civil society, the media, the church, etc.
4
The regulatory subsystem includessocio-political and legal norms that regulate political life and the process of exercising political power. This includes traditions and customs, the basic values that exist in society, that is, all that power institutions rely on in carrying out their roles. The normative subsystem can be divided into a formal and an informal component. To the formal include the norms of constitutional, administrative and financial law, it defines the key rules of the game in society. The informal aspect is expressed through a combination of subcultures, mentality, priority values, beliefs and standards. Often it is singled out as part of a separate cultural subsystem. It is important for the functioning of the political system, since the more homogenous is society on a cultural basis, the higher the effectiveness of the work of political institutions.
5
Relying on formal and informal norms,political actors interact, i.e. in communication between each other. In the course of political communication, there is an exchange of messages that are important for the course of politics. Distinguish between "horizontal" and "vertical" communication. In the first case, communications are conducted between subjects that are on the same level in the social ladder. For example, between elites or ordinary citizens. In the second case, we are talking about communications between different elements of the political system. For example, between citizens and political parties. Communication functions can be performed by the media, the Internet and other information channels: for example, personal contacts between people.
Council 7: What is an NGO and what is their role in Russia
A non-profit organization (NGO) isan organization that does not extract commercial profits and directs all its efforts to improve the lives of citizens. However, the stated objectives of Russian NGOs often differ from real cases.
What is an NCO?
The abbreviation "NKO" stands for"non-profit organization". These include structures that do not have a material benefit as their main goal. Non-profit organizations can deal with issues of charity, development of social institutions of society, protection of citizens' interests, etc. It is assumed that any form of activity of non-profit organizations implies work aimed at achieving public goods.Beyond the Screen
In fact, NPOs often engage in tasks,pursuing political goals. For example, an adviser to the Russian president, Sergei Glazyev, said in one of his speeches that NGOs funded by Western funds spend tens of millions of dollars on anti-state activities. More recently, the real situation with NGOs was hidden from the public. The media claimed that Russian non-profit organizations are fighting exclusively for the development of civil society in the country. At the same time, most of them were financed by funds allocated by US agencies.Not all NGOs are equally useful
The main role in the emergence and developmentaffiliated with the US Department of State non-profit organizations played and played by a fund called USAID. It was created in the early 1960s as a state structure that helps international development. In fact, USAID pursues a policy of so-called "soft power", aimed at gradual change of the state system and weakening of the potential of countries. USAID distributes the budget money not independently - for this, it has a number of structures, the brightest of which is the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). NGOs operate not only in Russia. So, George Soros, the founder of the non-commercial foundation Free Society, admitted that he took an active part in financing the forces overthrown the legitimate president in Ukraine. The Ukrainian branch of the Soros Foundation existed for many years, supplying money to non-profit organizations, under the guise of which various destructive communities were hiding. At the same time, Soros worked hand in hand with USAID and NED. Thanks to its controlled non-profit organizations, USAID, NED, IRI and other structures implementing the policy of "soft power" carried out a number of "color revolutions" - in Serbia, Georgia, Ukraine and other countries. Undoubtedly, there are constructive non-commercial organizations whose efforts are really aimed at resolving a number of social issues, combating the arbitrariness of officials, bureaucracy, illnesses, a low standard of living, etc. But most of the modern NCOs that exist, thanks to grants received from foreign funds, in fact represent the structures created to manipulate public opinion and to squash anti-state solutions. That is why in Russia, NGOs financed from abroad and politically engaged NGOs now must voluntarily recognize the status of foreign agents.Council 8: What is the electoral system in Russia
System elections at Of Russia, as in any other democraticstate, is an essential element of the political system. It is regulated by the electoral law - a set of norms, laws that are binding on all subjects of the Russian Federation. The electoral system reflects the principles and conditions for the formation of state bodies, and establishes the order and organization of the process elections.
