Tip 1: What are the Third World countries
Tip 1: What are the Third World countries
Initially, third world countries calledStates that did not take sides in the Cold War. They were the countries of Central and South America, Africa, India, the island states of Indonesia and others. Today, the same territory is called the third world, implying their economic backwardness.
History of the term
March 5, 1946, the Cold War began -the opposition of the USSR and the United States in geopolitical, ideological, economic and military issues. Each of the parties had its own allies: the Soviet Union cooperated with Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, China, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Mongolia and many other countries, and many European countries, Japan, Thailand, Israel, Turkey accepted the US side. In all, about a hundred states participated in this confrontation, which can not be considered a war in the generally accepted sense of the word. The confrontation was accompanied by an arms race, at certain points in time there were situations that threatened the deployment of a real war, but before that it never came to an end, and in 1991, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the cold war ceased. From the first years of the Cold War, countries that did not participate in this confrontation were called the third world. This was the arena of political action on both sides: NATO and the ATS competed for influence in these territories. Although already in 1952 this term was first used in its modern meaning - as undeveloped, economically backward states and territories. One French scientist compared the third world to the third estate in society. And already in 1980, third world countries began to call those in which there was a low income among the population. Although since then, some of these states have managed not only to break out of the third world, but also to overtake the second, socialist world in economic development, and the former states of developed socialism have entered a difficult time.Third World countries
Today, third world countries, according toterminology of the UN, are called all developing states - that is, those that can not be ranked among the developed industrial world. This is a rather subjective characteristic: some have very backward economies - Togo, Somalia, Equatorial Guinea, Guyana, Guatemala, Tahiti, others have a good level of development - the Philippines, Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Peru. But all these countries have several common characteristics that allow them to be combined. First, they all have a colonial period in their history - that is, ever captured by world powers. The consequences of this time are still reflected in their culture, economy and politics. Secondly, in such countries, even in spite of the developed industrial activity, pre-industrial types of production coexist with it. Many branches of the national economy are unequally developed. Thirdly, the state actively intervenes in the economy to accelerate the growth rate - this process is called etatism.Council 2: What is NATO
The last time, in connection with the aggravationpolitical situation in the world, the abbreviation of NATO practically does not come off the newspaper pages and television screens. However, often using this term, people do not fully understand what is at stake, what kind of education and what are its goals.
Instructions
1
The NATO abbreviation, or more correctly NATO,Comes from the English phrase North Atlantic Treaty Organization - the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). In its essence, this organization represents a military-political union, currently uniting 26 countries.
2
The NATO military-political bloc was created in April1949 to oppose the Soviet Union and the countries of the socialist camp. The Union Treaty, which unites 10 countries of the European continent and two American countries into a single alliance, was signed in Washington on April 4, 1949. The main declared goal of the new union was to ensure collective security and conduct consultations on vital issues. Originally, NATO included 12 developed countries: the United States, Britain, France, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Canada, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Italy and Luxembourg.
3
Since its inception, NATO has been relentlesspursued a policy of expansion, taking in its ranks all the new member countries. The first expansion occurred in 1952, when the alliance was joined by Turkey and Greece. In May 1955 West Germany joined it, and almost thirty years later, in 1982 - Spain.
4
After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the collapseWarsaw Treaty to the North Atlantic alliance was joined by several former socialist countries of Eastern Europe: Hungary, the Czech Republic and Poland. This event occurred in 1999. The last, the fifth expansion of NATO to the east took place in 2004. And became the most global for the entire period of existence of this organization - the members of the alliance were immediately seven countries of the former socialist camp: Bulgaria, Lithuania, Latvia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Romania and Estonia.
5
The highest military authority of NATO is the Committeemilitary planning, which examines all issues affecting the leading military authorities, the problems of construction and use of military aircraft. In addition, the Committee approves the strategic concepts of the alliance and determines the share of military participation of each country.
6
The highest executive body is the MilitaryCommittee. He is responsible for the development of NATO's military strategy and strategic plans. The Military Committee of NATO is not a permanent structure and in the intervals between its meetings, the Standing Military Committee, which unites the representatives of the General Staffs of the participating countries, observes the decisions it has taken.
7
Issues related to nuclear weapons within the framework of theNATO is considering the Nuclear Defense Committee. It is exclusively an advisory body, therefore, the Nuclear Planning Group is directly involved in the development of nuclear weapons.
Tip 3: What is the Cold War?
Among the various military and political conflictsXX century stands out the Cold War. It lasted more than 40 years and covered almost all corners of the globe. And to understand the history of the second half of the twentieth century, it is necessary to find out what this confrontation represented itself.
Definition of the Cold War
The very expression "cold war" appeared inthe second half of the forties, when it became clear that the contradictions between the recent allies in the war against fascism became insurmountable. This definition described the specific situation of confrontation between the socialist bloc and the countries of Western democracy led by the United States. The Cold War was named because full-scale military operations between the armies of the USSR and the US were not conducted. This confrontation was accompanied by indirect military conflicts outside the territories of the USSR and the US, and the USSR tried to hide the participation of its troops in such military operations.The question of authorship of the term "cold war" is still debatable among historians.Important in the Cold War period waspropaganda, in which all the information channels were involved. Another method of fighting opponents was economic rivalry - the USSR and the US expanded their circle of allies by providing significant financial assistance to other states.
The Cold War
The period, which is usually called the Cold War,began shortly after the end of World War II. Having defeated a common enemy, the USSR and the US lost the need for cooperation, which revived the old contradictions. The United States was frightened by the trend of establishing communist regimes in Europe and in Asia. As a result, already at the end of the forties, Europe was divided into two parts: the western part of the continent adopted the so-called Marshall Plan - economic assistance from the US, and the eastern one withdrew into the zone of influence of the USSR. Germany as a result of the contradictions between the former allies was eventually divided into the socialist GDR and the pro-American FRG.Struggle for influence was also in Africa - in particular, the USSR managed to establish contacts with the Arab states of the Southern Mediterranean, for example, with Egypt.In Asia, the conflict between the USSR and the US for the worlddomination passed into the military phase. The war in Korea ended with a division of the state into the northern and southern parts. Later, the Vietnam War began, which resulted in the defeat of the United States and the establishment of socialist rule in the country. Also under the influence of the USSR was China, but for a short while - although the Communist Party remained in power in China, this state began to pursue an independent policy, entering into confrontation with both the USSR and the US. In the early sixties, the world as never was close to a new world war - The Caribbean crisis began. In the end, Kennedy and Khrushchev managed to agree on non-aggression, since a conflict of this magnitude with the use of nuclear weapons could lead to the complete destruction of mankind. In the early eighties, a period of "détente" began - the normalization of Soviet-American relations. However, the Cold War ended only with the collapse of the USSR.
Tip 4: What country does the island of Tahiti belong to?
In the Pacific there is a huge number of picturesque islands, archipelagos and atolls. One of these islands is Tahiti - a Pacific paradise on Earth.
In the boundless waters of the Pacific Ocean, which seemendless, settled a galaxy of small archipelagoes - French Polynesia. The archipelago is the overseas territory of France. The total area of the islands is 4167 square kilometers. As already noted, French Polynesia consists of several archipelagoes: the islands of the Society, Tuamotu, Marquesas, Tubuai, Gambier. The total population is 277,000 people.
Island of Tahiti
"Tahiti ... Tahiti ..." we are well fed here! "- a phrase from a popular Soviet cartoon that has become winged and of its kind, Tahiti is located in the largest Tuamotu archipelago and is the largest atoll island in Polynesia.In the north-western part of the island is the capital city Papeete: The area of the island is 1042 square kilometers.Tahiti is a picturesque island in the archipelago of French Polynesia.The island is volcanic, and therefore the beaches withSnow white fine sand here by definition can not be much. The best beach lines are Punaauia (Punaauia) and Papara (Papara). Most of the coast of Tahiti has dark volcanic sand, which is great to remind Tenerife. It is noteworthy that black sand is considered very useful for treating a number of ailments associated with joint diseases. The most popular "black" beach is Pointe Venus.
Things to do in Tahiti
Picturesque island of Tahiti, the nature of which can becompare with the paradise on Earth, thanks to the turquoise waters of the ocean, dense palm groves, amazing flora and fauna. Tahiti has its own "highlights", which annually attract tourists who prefer extreme water sports. Waves of the island are recognized as one of the most difficult in the world, and therefore surfers who want to "saddle" a wave, are always regularly abundant. The island has developed infrastructure. In particular, there are hotels, various institutions (cafes, restaurants, nightclubs, museums, etc.), cultural attractions and a lot of various water activities. Very popular are sporting sea fishing, the above-mentioned surfing, windsurfing, jet skiing and skiing and, of course, diving. For fans of thrills an unforgettable diving with sharks is provided.Sea waves Tahiti - one of the most difficult in the world for surfers.While on the island, it is worth to visit the Museum of Black Pearls with unique exhibits, the Lagoonarium, the Poafai Temple, the Mamao Temple, the Paul Gauguin Museum in Japanese style.
Tip 5: What kind of country is Tunisia
Tunisia is a small state in the northern partAfrica, which is famous for its warm hospitality, fascinating history and traditions. In Tunisia you can see the holy temples of the ancient gods, bask in the hot sun of the Sahara, visit the plantation of date palms and enjoy the spicy scent of jasmine. Tunisia is a place where you can relax by the sea, sunbathe on the beaches with golden fine sand and live without worries in hotels of international class.
Geography
The Tunisian Republic is one of the countries of the ArabMaghreb. It is located in the central part of the Mediterranean basin and is separated by the Sicilian Straits. The area of the state is only 164 thousand square kilometers. Maghreb is often compared to a bird, as the territory of Tunisia resembles a wing.Climate
The average temperature in summer in Tunisia ranges from+22 to +33 degrees, and in winter - from +5 to +12. The sea directly affects the climate of Tunisia. Summer in the country is quite dry, and winter is relatively cool and humid. The season for tourists lasts from late April to early November.sights
In Tunisia, very comfortable conditions for recreation. Friendly and qualified staff creates a friendly atmosphere and takes care of every tourist. Clean sea, sunny weather, effective medical procedures, reasonable prices - everything has to rest. Most of the tourists say that Tunisia is a country in which you can visit only once and stop. The main attraction is the ancient Carthage. Local residents are trying to reconstruct this city and make it most attractive for tourists. Carthage and Salammbo are universally recognized national monuments. On the streets of Carthage you can see sacred temples, ancient houses, a sea port with many ships. From the ruins of the ancient city, local people recreated places of amazing beauty. Near the port is the ancient shrine of the goddess Tanith - a place where hundreds of tombstones are collected. Carthage is the new administrative center of Africa, where you can find not only magnificent buildings and villas, but also cultural places such as theaters and galleries. Tabarka is a beautiful port where you can take a ride on a boat, look at the foot of the mountains, admire the dense forest and clean waterfalls. In the ancient Phoenician trading port, tourists are given the opportunity to play golf, go diving, underwater fishing, hunting, visit the annual summer culture festival and relax in picturesque places. Doug is a city that captivates the extent to which the history of the Roman era is preserved in it. The arc rises on a hill, representing an architectural monument. The pride of Tunisia is considered antique mosaics. Since the time of the Phoenicians, this art has developed, not succumbing to the influence of the Roman Empire. The floors of a huge number of public buildings are decorated with panels. The general condition of many of the compositions is still excellent - it seems that they only burned slightly under the scorching sun.Council 6: What kind of country is Somalia
Somalia is the only country in the world where there is nosingle apparatus of authority. It is located on the east coast of the peninsula of the African continent of the same name, at the intersection of international sea trade routes.
A bit of history
Even in the days of Ancient Egypt, it was knownthe State of Somalia. Then this region was called "Punt". For 500 years, since the 2nd century AD, the Ethiopian kingdom of Axum existed on the territory of the Somali peninsula. Then in the 7th century the territory was taken over by the Arabs and the Adel Sultanate was created. The rule of the Arabs was long enough, almost a thousand years, until the 17th century. In 1884, in the north of the peninsula, the British occupied the territory of Somalia, and the south of the country in 1905 was under the rule of Italy. Subsequently, these colonies united and formed a single sovereign state.Somalia today
Because of the permanent civil war of the stateSomalia is currently divided into three autonomous parts. The north-western part of the country belongs to the state education of Somaliland, in the north-east - Puntland and the southern part of the country with a transitional government. However, all of them are currently not recognized by the world community. Somalia is a multi-tribal state (several hundred ethnic groups and tribes), still immersed in the chaos of the civil war. All tribes and local clans have long and very often feuded among themselves. The local currency is now so weak that money can not be counted, but weigh. The decades-old armed conflict in Somalia has recently caused growing concern for the world community, especially with the escalating problem of piracy, the spread of Islamic extremism and terrorism in the "Horn of Africa" .Tourism
And yet the country is full of attractionsand monuments of ancient civilizations. But because of the incessant civil wars, all the monuments of the past epochs are now desolate and inaccessible for visits. However, some ancient monuments are accessible to tourists in the capital of Somalia - Mogadishu, founded by Arabs in the 12th century. Buildings of Afro-Arab architecture of the 13th century with patterned walls. The palace of Sultan Zanzibar Gares, built in the 19th century. Phoenician, Coptic temples and settlements of ancient Punta. Not far from the coastal cities of Hargeisa and Borama are the ruins of the 12th century commercial settlements of Adel Sultanate. In ancient times, only the coast was dependent on Egypt, Phenicia, Oman, Portugal. The population of the interior regions remained independent. Therefore, the most ancient cultural monuments are located on the coast. And yet, despite the many cozy and safe places for a relaxing holiday, Somalia is now a great place to visit extreme tourists-lovers of exoticism.Council 7: What is decolonization
Decolonization is a historical process, whenThe territories occupied by the colonial countries are granted independence with full recognition of sovereignty. Sometimes countries get independence in the course of the liberation struggle, overthrowing the power of the colonialists.
Instructions
1
The first significant decolonization process took place in 1947, when India declared its sovereignty and got rid of Britain's colonial dependence.
2
India is one of the post-colonial countries, whichreality got rid of English influence. The government managed to unite the people and sent it to the path of independent development, began to invest in the development of industry, agriculture, science and education. Now India is an equal partner among the developed countries, and the developers of modern computer technology, Indian scientists are leading experts in the world.
3
Unfortunately, the wave of declared sovereignties of many African countries has not brought prosperity and prosperity to the peoples of these countries. Developed countries define them by the common notion of "Third World country".
4
Leaving their former colonies, the colonists took outeverything is valuable, explaining this by the fact that all values were created with the help of their capitals. African countries were on the verge of bankruptcy, there was no industry, unemployment was of a general nature, the treasury did not have enough funds for the most pressing problems. Western countries, taking advantage of the helplessness of the rulers of the new sovereign countries, hastened to provide "assistance" to the countries of the Third World. Thus, the era of neocolonization began for them.
5
On the territory of the countries Westernentrepreneurs who began to invest in the development of production, in the development of the earth's interior. All this was done with minimal costs, the natural resources of these countries and local cheap labor were used.
6
Sovereign countries again fell into bondage, noweconomic. Western investors paid most of their profits to themselves, and the other part was returned in the form of profits for the goods sold, imported to Third World countries by investors themselves and sold at monopoly prices. Being under vigilant economic control, countries did not and do not have the opportunity to invest in the development of the country. Corruption, erected by local officials in the source of profits, growing external debts, brought these countries to bondage dependence on Western countries.
7
New liberation movements, swept throughcountries of the Third World, interethnic wars, the lack of economic policy of the leadership of the countries led only to greater chaos and immersion in complete dependence on the countries of investors. Decolonization for many countries has turned into an even greater calamity than colonial oppression.
Tip 8: What is Migration?
Migration Since time immemorial, people have been one of the most effective ways to improve their living conditions. However, as is known, on the other side of the grass is always greener.
Council 9: What is the WTO?
In modern conditions, countries with a market economyEconomy are looking for support and the most favorable conditions in the face of their economic partners. Integration processes in the world economy led to the formation of the WTO - the World Trade Organization.
Tip 10: Which countries are in the periphery
Periphery in relation to such a concept as a country,has a special meaning, which is not very similar to the usual notion of "remoteness" of the territory. This is, rather, an economic term that speaks of finding a state outside the modern financial and economic core, which includes post-industrial countries with a relatively high standard of living, with a predominance of the non-productive sphere and an actively growing middle class.
Instructions
1
The countries of the main economic core, as a rule,form the basis of many international organizations, play a huge role in the formation of international financial and commodity flows, create their branches and offices around the world. To the countries of the periphery it is customary to refer the most backward states with the prevalence of mining and agrarian production in them. As a rule, the capital of other investor states plays a huge role for them. In such countries there is an unstable political situation, frequent interethnic and religious conflicts. At the head of such countries usually there is a certain dictator, and any attempts at revolts and revolutions are immediately suppressed.
2
The periphery countries are characterized by loweconomic indicators both in general and per unit of the country's population. They are often dominated by unemployment and regular migration, cities are poorly developed, residents prefer to live in villages. Many of these countries can "boast" of the colonial past, which has affected the modern type of production, industrialization and the characteristics of the economy.
3
As a rule, it is customary to refer the countries of the peripherydeveloping today the states of the territories of Latin America, Africa, and Asia. Such a separation occurred after the Second World War, in the mid-20th century. With the dissolution of the USSR, many lagging countries have sharply advanced, standing in the forefront, for example, the Asian states of Taiwan, Korea and Singapore, who have successfully used their main competitive advantages, such as cheap labor and foreign capital attracted from outside .
4
If before the core and periphery was decided to dividein the west-east directions, today, according to many world-known financiers, this division is correctly carried out in the north-south section, although these boundaries are very conditional. Today, despite all attempts by the center to introduce norms and rules that could, in general, reverse the situation radically, such as the introduction of universal human labor standards, the imposition of technological progress, the periphery countries are likely to not be able to soon part with some of their main "Merits", such as low-paid labor, conditional eco-standards, which, one way or another, are one of the main competitive advantages of "laggards".
