How the theater was changing

Culture and Society

How the theater was changing

The theater was formed when the firstviewer, who was interested to see the rumored action at the fire. This art has evolved over the centuries with its viewer. This process is unchanged to this day. Moreover, what happens on the stage can often outpace the mind and intellect of the viewer, providing him with themes that are expressed in an unusual form for reflection. In other words, the theater develops only when its creators do not descend to the level of the viewer, but raise it to themselves.

Instructions

"Theater" is a spectacle and a place for spectacle. In any case, the Greek word "theatron" means just that. The ancient Greeks, even before the creation of the theater proper, gave the world such a name, which took root. It was approved by those gods whom they then worshiped and in honor of whom they also arranged the first performance-playfulness: Demetre, Korah, and Dionysus. It is the latter, in addition to protecting the culture of winemaking, assumed the functions of patronage over all creative manifestations, including poetry and theater.

Ancient Greek theater gave the world understandingimportance of the mission of the Theater. Occupation with this art was an important state affair, and professionally engaged poets and actors were considered state people. The Greeks took the theater very seriously, so they were not initially exchanged for anything except tragedies, which translates as "a song of goats" - a tribute to Dionysus, often portrayed in a goatskin. Later, comedies also appeared in the only comediograph in the whole country - Aristophanes. However, comedies, with the light hand of Aristotle, immediately began to be considered the lowest genre.

It is generally accepted that the official openingworld theater took place during the Great Dionysius in 534 BC, when the poet Fespid for greater solemnity of sounding his poems attracted the actor for their recitation.

The idea of attracting reciters was so popularAthenian poets, that they, in order to outdo their rivals, began to use their services one by one. The playwright Aeschylus added two actors-reciters in the general chorus, and Sophocles three.

Roman citizens, in contrast to the Greek, believedtheater art low, almost shameful. If at first they borrowed a lot from the Greeks, then the art of theater deteriorated with them in the course of time. On the stage for the Romans was not important is the thought laid down by the playwright in the work, and entertainment. Therefore, gladiatorial fights enjoyed great success with the public. Slightly better examples were the representations of mimes and pantomimes.

Most of the processing of ancient Greekworks for the stage, the Roman Theater nevertheless managed to present to the world several immortal works of such playwrights as Seneca, Plautus, Ovidius and Apuleius.

In the era of the early Middle Ages, during theaggressive offensive of Christianity, the theater was fiercely eradicated by churchmen from the life of society. And, as it lasted about six centuries, the theater survived almost miraculously, breaking through the only possible window at that time: the liturgy and the Mysteries.

And even later - during the late Middle Ages, in12-15 centuries - to be an artist, musician or circus was quite dangerous. For this it was possible to pay with life, burned at the stake of the holy Inquisition. Quite inexplicably, theatrical art still survived in this dark time, lasting almost a millennium. Survived, thanks to the small wandering theatrical companies, playing farce comedies for the anger of the day and reworked mystery dramas.

The revival was a cleansing gulp of freedom forall arts and theater was no exception. Returning for a short time - to find sources - to ancient images and samples, the theatrical art began to develop rapidly, using technical progress with might and main. For the performances in the cities special buildings were built. Over time, there appeared competing professional theatrical companies, often managed by playwrights: Lope de Vega, Calderon, Cervantes. Or the main actor, or the manager, ordering exclusive dramas to playwrights - for example Marlo or Shakespeare. Various types and genres of theatrical art developed.

Subsequently, almost to the end of the 19th century, the theaterdeveloped on the basis of prevailing at one time or another aesthetic directions: from classicism, enlightenment and romanticism to sentimentalism and symbolism. The playwrights, the actor and the entrepreneur remained the main persons in it for a very long time.

Since the beginning of the 20th century, all of the aboveAesthetics won, almost absorbing them, realism. And with him, the epoch of the director's theater came. Gordon Craig, Konstantin Stanislavsky, Vsevolod Meyerhold, Alexander Tairov, Eugene Vakhtangov, Berthold Brecht, Charles Dyullen, Jacques Lecoq - they created their own theatrical schools and methods, laid the foundation of the theater, those areas that exist to a large extent in the present time.

The modern theater is bright and sometimes unpredictable. Archaic is also preserved in it, where unshakable postulates dominate: conflict, event, action, reincarnation, play, actor, director. But thanks to the development of new technologies, the use of cinema and computer technologies, new forms of filing of any, even the most archaic material, arise, and many things are rethought and reborn. In the modern theater, such trends as the drama and documentary theaters, the theater of modern dance and pantomime, opera and ballet coexist organically.