Tip 1: Why Writing Occurred
Tip 1: Why Writing Occurred
It is difficult to imagine a modern man, notwho can read and write. Knowledge of writing is so important that they begin to teach him in kindergarten. But writing, on the scale of human existence, appeared relatively recently - around 3200 BC.
The appearance of writing was preceded by the appearancespeech. At the dawn of the formation of mankind speech was very simple, the lexicon consisted of the most necessary words. As the development of the society became more complicated and speech, the number of words grew. Mankind accumulated knowledge, while the issue of their transfer to new generations was getting more and more acute, in the absence of written language, it could be done only by oral transmission from teacher to student. Possibilities of oral transfer of knowledge are limited. Once there came a moment when the accumulated information became so much that it was already impossible to transmit it in its entirety verbally. It was necessary to somehow fix the knowledge - so that they could be perceived in the absence of the person who owned them. As a result, the first variants of writing began to appear in different parts of the world. First the writing did not reflect the sound of the language, it was entirely symbolic. Each symbol reflects this or that concept. Basically, such symbols are found on the stones, so this type of writing is called pictographic. The next stage in the development of writing was the appearance of a logographic letter, in which the symbols had a graphic form that conveyed their meaning. This was the Sumerian script. Wrote at that time on stone and clay tablets. Despite the fact that the logographic letter played a very important role in the history of mankind, it remained very imperfect, not allowing to fully satisfy the needs of a growing civilization. He was replaced by logographic syllabic writing, in which the letters lost their representativeness, becoming combinations of cuneiform dashes. Close to us, sound writing appeared at the turn of the second and first millennium BC. Unlike previous systems of writing, the new dispensed with only 20-30 characters. Most modern writing systems lead their history from the Phoenician sound letter. The appearance of an audio script that allows the transmission of the sound of words has given a strong impetus to the development of human civilization. The need for oral transmission of knowledge was no longer needed, the phonetic writing allowed to transfer knowledge in all completeness and accuracy, fixing them first on clay tablets, then on parchment and papyrus, even later on already familiar to all paper. If something restrained the spread of knowledge, it was the lack of printing - every text had to be scribbled by hand. But with the advent of printing and this obstacle was eliminated. The development of Slavonic writing is associated with the names of the brothers Constantine the Philosopher (in monasticism - Cyril) and Methodius. They created the first Slavic alphabet, which laid the foundation for the Slavic and, subsequently, Russian written language.
Tip 2: How did writing come about in Russia?
The culture of Russia is considered one of the mostrich and diverse in the world, which is confirmed by the numerous works of Russian creators, recognized by world classics. However, Russia did not become a pioneer in cultural terms, since even the letter appeared much later than its spread in Europe and Asia.
