Tip 1: How did the perestroika in the USSR begin?

Culture and Society

Tip 1: How did the perestroika in the USSR begin?

Perestroika began so swiftly that many Soviet people perceived it as a kind of magic miracle. The general revival began to reign in society. And human hearts filled with bright dreams.

The beginning of the restructuring: the turn for vodka

Instructions

The fact that great changes are coming to the USSR,the Soviet people guessed as soon as he saw on the television screen the new general secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Mikhail Gorbachev. The newly-minted secretary general made a report at an extraordinary plenum of the party devoted to his entry into a new post. And, although there was nothing unusual in that report, the people were pleasantly surprised: the new head of state spoke without paperwork. Against the backdrop of his elderly, frail predecessors, who seemed unable to speak for themselves, Gorbachev looked simply stunning.

The new secretary general lived up to the expectations of the people. In the evenings, people began to watch the television news program "Vremya" with interest. Because every day in the country there have been some interesting events.

First, almost every day, personnel reshuffles took place at the top of power. People were happy about the retirement of old Brezhnev colleagues and vividly discussed the new appointees.

Secondly, the screens very often began to appearthe new secretary-general himself in a very unusual atmosphere. They show how he talks with grain growers, then he goes to visit the apartment for a young Moscow family ... When the story was shown, in which Mikhail Sergeyevich visited a youth disco, everyone immediately realized that the changes had come seriously and for a long time.

The first perestroika decree "On measures to overcomedrunkenness and alcoholism "gave birth to the first problems. The deficit of alcoholic drinks and queues at the wine and vodka shops did not please many. In addition, the state budget suffered enormous losses.

But in the USSR, at the initial stage of restructuringthere was such an unheard-of notion as "glasnost". On the pages of official newspapers critical critical materials about Soviet history began to be published on radio and television, many music and entertainment programs arose.

Banned previously banneddomestic movies. And in the new films there were frank erotic scenes, which filmmakers and viewers could not even even imagine. Banned to publish books devoted to the ideological "anathema" of disgraced poets and writers began to be published. A wide readership became available works of Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, Pasternak, Bulgakov and many other outstanding Soviet authors.

And, finally, in late 1986, small private business was legalized in the USSR. The first cooperatives appeared.

Considering the fact that all these events took place just a year and a half, one can imagine with what delight they were perceived by Soviet people.

Tip 2: How did the perestroika in the USSR begin?

80-ies, the USSR ... Some are still waiting for the offensivecommunism and a bright future, while others already understand that in a great country there are as great changes that will be the beginning of the end of the Soviet state.

Tipping Time

1985-1991 years in the history of the USSRtime of perestroika, when in the country there was a refusal of the socioeconomic way, formed by years. Mikhail Gorbachev was appointed to the presidency in March 1985. And already on April 23 of the same year he announced a course for perestroika. It is worth mentioning that the political course, originally proclaimed by the president, was called "acceleration and restructuring", with emphasis on the word "acceleration". Subsequently, it fell away, and the term "perestroika" came out on the first place. The essence of the new political course truly amazed sensible politicians, because Gorbachev put emphasis on accelerated development and the release of industrial output in an unprecedented volume. From 1986 to 2000, it was planned to produce as many goods as released in the previous 70 years. However, such a grandiose plan was not destined to come true. The term "acceleration" lost popularity by the end of 1987, and the restructuring lasted only until 1991, and ended with the collapse of the Union.

The first stage of the new time

The restructuring began from the cardinal shiftparty leaders. It is impossible not to say that the personnel nomenclature of the times of the country's management Chernenko and Andropov was so old that the average age of the party leader was more than 70 years. Naturally, this was unacceptable. And Gorbachev seriously took up the "rejuvenation" of the party apparatus. Another important feature of the first period of perestroika was the implementation of the policy of glasnost. For the first time in many years, reality in the Soviet Union was shown not only in a life-affirming light, but also reflected negative aspects. There was some freedom of speech, of course, still timid and not at full strength, but then it was perceived as a breath of air in the sweltering noon. In foreign policy, Gorbachev strove to consolidate and improve Soviet-American relations. This was reflected in the unilateral ban on nuclear testing.

Results of the beginning of the restructuring

It is worth saying that the first stage of the perestroika stagebrought some changes in the life of the Soviet man and society as a whole. It was possible to rejuvenate the composition of the party leadership, which only benefited the country and its inhabitants. Glasnost led to a relaxation of tension in society, and due to nuclear disarmament the situation in the world was depleted. However, then the mistake after the mistake, the discrepancy between the word and the case on the part of the government led to the fact that the achieved results came to naught.

Tip 3: What year did the restructuring commence?

The official beginning of perestroika is considered to beJanuary 1987. Then, at the next plenum of the CPSU Central Committee, perestroika was proclaimed the main direction of the development of the USSR. However, this event was preceded by almost 2 years of reforms that had begun in the country.

In which year did the restructuring begin

Instructions

Real perestroika began with the arrival ofthe Soviet leadership of the new General Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Mikhail Gorbachev in March 1985. In the country by that time, global changes have matured. Few people then did not understand this. A long period of relatively prosperous Brezhnev stagnation gradually began to shift into a stage of frank degradation of the state.

The economy of the USSR was in a state of stagnation. Despite the annual statistics data on the steady growth of all indicators, the real state of affairs was getting worse and worse. Goods on the shelves of shops became less and less, and absolutely empty ideological slogans urging citizens to suffer a little more in the name of a bright future were no longer working. The people wanted change.

Therefore, the people perceived the coming to power in the camp of a new young, by the standards of big politics, energetic person, as a good sign of the foreknowledge of change for the better.

Despite the fact that in his first speech at theGorbachev assured everyone that he would continue to continue the policy of the Communist Party, nobody believed him. So vigorously and energetically he spoke, while only hinting at the forthcoming reforms.

During the first three months after coming tothe new secretary general has been replaced by virtually all of the highest party leadership. In place of the elderly colleagues of Brezhnev came completely new people. There were two extremely questionable in terms of their feasibility and prospects for the state project: on combating pandemics and accelerating the economic development of the country.

And still appears, until now completely unheard ofSoviet people the concept of glasnost. Then, at the dawn of perestroika, there were only small glimpses of it. But the people were immensely happy about this. In the official party press and on television, a lot of information previously unavailable to mere mortal information has appeared. On the one hand, positive materials about life in the countries of the West began to be given. On the other - criticism of the party and Soviet bodies.

There are also major changes in foreign policy. For the first time in the last nine years, the head of the USSR meets four times with the president of the United States for two years. There are also meetings with other heads of the Western powers. People around the world have a fragile hope for the end of the Cold War and the arms race.

But the real changes in Soviet society, which in the whole world are called perestroika, began only in 1987.

Tip 4: When and why the USSR collapsed

The collapse of the Soviet Union was a significant eventfor the whole world. With the disappearance of the Soviet Union, the confrontation between the two superpowers, which affected almost the rest of the world, ceased. Because of the great significance of this event, it is important to understand the reasons and the course of the division of the USSR into independent states.

Preconditions for the collapse of the USSR

The collapse of the USSR was associated with a complex of politicaland economic problems. From a political point of view, the problem of independence in the union republics has been brewing for a long time. Formally, all the republics of the Union had the right to self-determination, but this was not observed in practice. Although the country pursued a policy of internationalism, but the weakening of central authority during perestroika led to an increase in the popularity of nationalist sentiments. Residents of small republics linked their hopes for the future not only with reforms, but also with independence. This was particularly true of the Baltic countries. Another political component was the desire of local elites to gain more power and influence, which was possible only in an independent state. There were also economic reasons. With the course of perestroika, the economic inconsistency of late socialism became more and more obvious. The deficit and cards began to take on an increasingly mass character: in 1989, the card system for some basic necessities was introduced even in Moscow. In 1990-1991, a crisis of power was added to these problems - it became increasingly difficult to collect financial revenues from the border regions of the state, they increasingly switched to self-sufficiency. Thus, in the eyes of a large part of the population, one of the ways out of the economic crisis was the separation of the republics from the RSFSR.

Some experts believe that one of the reasons for the crisis of the Soviet economy was a sharp decline in oil prices.

The process of the USSR separation

The Soviet Union began to disintegrate beforeofficial declaration of independence of the republics. First of all, the crisis was expressed in interethnic clashes. In 1986 there was the first major conflict in Kazakhstan. In 1988, a crisis began in Nagorno-Karabakh, which ended in war. Ethnic conflicts also arose in Uzbekistan and Tajikistan.

Ethnic conflicts in some former republics continued after the collapse of the USSR.

After the holding of liberal elections in 1990supporters of self-determination came to power in many republics. Georgia and Lithuania were the first to declare their sovereignty. The rest of the Baltic republics, as well as Moldova and Armenia, declared their unwillingness to join the renewed union of states, which was supposed by the government. The legal collapse of the USSR began in September 1991 - the countries of the West recognized the independence of the Baltic states. On December 26, the USSR finally ceased to exist: the Union republics became independent states, and the RSFSR became the legal successor to the USSR.

Tip 5: What a trail in history has the restructuring left

The notion of perestroika came from the initiator and leaderplans for the structural reform of the economy and the principles of government - Mikhail Gorbachev, who came to power in 1985. At that time the USSR was on the verge of a profound social and economic crisis. A heavy burden on the country's budget was the arms race. In renewal, all spheres of life were needed.

What a trail in history was left by the restructuring

Instructions

On the First Deficiencies in Public Administrationstarted talking back in 1985, however, the actual beginning of the restructuring took place in 1987. Gradually, global rethinking of international relations begins. The tension in relations between the USSR and the USA has decreased.

Large-scale changes began in late 1987. From that moment, a clear course was adopted for major economic transformations, changes in the political system and the formation of new thinking. The ubiquitous changes began: literature, cinema, culture, international relations, politics, agriculture - perestroika affected all spheres of life in the country.

The main achievement of perestroika was thethe proclamation of a policy of glasnost and the lifting of many bans. Private business is legalized, many joint ventures with foreign companies are being created.

In international politics, the main victoryperestroika was the fall of the Iron Curtain. This led to a completely new view of international relations with all states in the world. The USSR no longer seems to be an "evil empire", now this state is open and friendly.

In addition to obvious advantages, the period of perestroika leads to general instability in all spheres of life. The economy is gradually starting to deteriorate, and the new financial system is unstable.

On the outskirts of a huge state,the ideas of separatism are ripening. The first clashes occur on national soil. Mighty once the state, begins to literally crack at all seams, which eventually led to its disintegration.

In 1989, the USSR completely withdraws Soviettroops from Afghanistan. The Soviet Union ceases to support the socialist regimes on the territory of other states. The socialist camp is crumbling. A landmark event of the time was the fall of the Berlin Wall and the unification of Germany.

The beginning of the nineties became a logical conclusionrestructuring. The crisis in the economy is getting deeper, the level of crime is constantly growing, discontent is growing in the society. Criticism underlies the ideology of Marxism, as well as the very revolution of 1917. The general anti-communist sentiments and empty counters in the shops finally completed the collapse of perestroika.

The consequences of perestroika are extremely ambiguous. Its significance in history will not only be reconsidered by future generations. Positive aspects of perestroika can be called publicity and the acquisition of social and political freedoms by society. However, many bloody wars and the disintegration of the USSR are still considered the most tragic moments in modern history.