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Summer time

Hudson's idea aroused some interest in himmotherland in New Zealand. But eventually I forgot myself. At the beginning of the twentieth century, William Willett, a British developer, was thinking about switching to summer time. In 1907, at his own expense, he published a brochure "On the Spending of Daylight." In it, Willett suggested moving the hands forward for 80 minutes in four steps during April. And in September, do everything in the reverse order. In his opinion, bright evenings will become longer, time for summer rest will increase, and also there will be an opportunity to save significant funds on lighting. After an energetic company, by 1908 Willett enlisted the support of MP Pierre Pearce, who made several unsuccessful attempts to pass the law through the House of Commons. For a while he was helped by the young Winston Churchill. Importance of the issue acquired in the year of the First World War, primarily because of the need to save coal. April 30, 1916, the transition to summer time carried out the German Empire and Austria-Hungary. Soon many other countries followed their example. After the end of the First World War, the transition to summer time was canceled. In most countries, it has not been resorted to for a long time. Summer time again began to be widely used, in particular in the United States of America and in Europe, in the seventies, when the energy crisis erupted.

Winter time

If the transition to summer time is practiced widelycommon, the application of winter time, in the sense of translating in the winter months the clock hands back from the standard time, is a rarity. Such cases in history are single. So, the winter time was introduced by a government decree in Czechoslovakia from December 1, 1946 to February 23, 1947. The main reason was the fact that the country's power plants produced electricity 10 percent less than the potential demand. This step was designed to distribute the load on the network during peak hours. The legislative act that gave the Czechoslovak government the right to enter winter time at any time has not yet been canceled. This theoretically enables the governments of both the Czech Republic and Slovakia to reintroduce winter time when they want to. However, the experiment was no longer repeated. Actually, in winter time, Russia lived in the early nineties. On March 31, 1991, the so-called "decree" time, introduced in 1930, was abolished. The hands of the clock were moved back. And on September 29 the clock was once again transferred back. Because of citizens' discontent and over-expenditure of electricity, the "decretal" time was restored already on January 19, 1992.

Games with time

The decisions taken by the Soviet government in 1981year, in Russia were canceled only in 2011 on the initiative of DA Medvedev, who at that time was president. As a result of this, to put it mildly, an ill-considered decision, Russia began to live, lagging behind for 2 hours from the astronomical time, the most familiar for humans and animals in biological and physiological terms.

The transfer of arrows for 1 hour every six months led to a drop in milk yield, weight gain and other indicators in farm animals.

The fact is that the first translation of the arrows into onean hour ahead was carried out in accordance with the decree of the Soviet Government in 1918, and all the years until 1981 the citizens of the USSR lived, 1 hour ahead of the movement of the sun. After the presidential decree in the summer of 2011 reversed the translation of the hour hands to the "winter", the final advance was already 2 hours. But since the nature of man is initially subordinated not to orders of authority, but to natural biorhythms, this difference has become so discordant that medics have already stood up for the return of astronomical time.

What is fraught with a violation of natural biorhythms

Harmful to human health andagricultural animals, after a while, even a one-hour change, occurring every six months, was recognized. Immediately after the transfer of the arrows a month or two, the bulk of the population suffered from chronic lack of sleep and fatigue, which it caused. Then, of course, the body got used to it, but after a few months I again experienced another stress from the transfer of the arrows back.

Another translation of the arrows, which brings the life schedule of Russians closer to astronomical time, is planned for the spring of 2014.

In itself, a reasonable decision to terminatethe translation of the arrows was implemented non-timely, and the 2-hour difference with natural rhythms resulted in problems not only with the physical, but also with the mental health of the population. Statistics of the Ministry of Health indicate an increase in the number of deaths of 65-70 thousand people per year, in addition, the number of suicides, as well as accidents, has increased markedly. People often turned to doctors about depressions and chronic stress, myocardial infarction. Forced change in biological rhythms due to nature leads to imbalance, because getting up 2 hours earlier, a person does not see sunlight in the mornings. His nervous system can not start functioning normally, because the window is actually still night. Physicians unequivocally recommend to cancel the translation of the clock for summer time and never again to switch the arrows either forward or backward.

The arguments of supporters of the translation of the clock for summer time

From the scientific point of view, onlyterm summer time, and the so-called winter time - this is the time of the day. Summer time is a time that is shifted by one hour in relation to the waist one. The purpose of clock translation is more rational use of daylight time, and due to this, the achieved energy savings in lighting. Most countries do not use the practice of transferring the hands of clocks to daylight saving time. In 2012, they included 161 countries. The remaining 78 countries apply a seasonal clock translation. In many respects this distribution is due to the fact that the translation of arrows for summer time is not practical in many latitudes, in which the duration of the day does not change throughout the year. Everyone who advocates a return to the practice of translating the clock often leads the main argument in his favor - contributing to the reduction of electricity consumption. A side effect of this is the reduction of the burden on the environment, conservation of natural resources. Some also put a decrease in accidents on the roads, a decrease in the number of criminal incidents, an increase in the profitability from tourism, harmonization of time counting with surrounding countries. It should be noted that the unambiguous confirmation of the possibility of saving electricity through translation of the clock is not available today. For example, RAO UES estimated the scale of the annual savings of 4.4 billion kWh. Thus, each Russian man annually saved 60 rubles each. American and other Russian researchers estimated savings of 0.5-1%. And scientists from the UK came to the conclusion that the transfer of arrows, by contrast, increases electricity consumption. This is due to the growing demand for air conditioning and heating.

The arguments of the opponents of the translation of the clock for summer time

The majority of the population of Russia isopponents of time transfer. Opinion polls show that more than 2/3 of Russians are against the transfer of shooters. The key argument of opponents is that the translation of the watch has negative consequences for people's health. The harmful effect of time shifts in 2003 was stated by the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. The most negative translation of arrows is reflected in "owls" and patients with cardiovascular diseases. It was also found that the translation of watches does not have a better impact on labor productivity, because of which the country loses in terms of GDP. According to some sources, the transfer of arrows leads to an increase in accidents on the roads and causes problems in the operation of the country's transport system. Finally, the need to transfer watches entails certain difficulties for the inhabitants of the country. In particular, they need to manually translate the clock on the equipment - TVs, video cameras, players, etc.