Tip 1: What instruments are in the chamber orchestra
Tip 1: What instruments are in the chamber orchestra
The Chamber Orchestra is a prototype of a symphony orchestra. For him, a much smaller instrumental composition, in comparison with the symphonic one, is characteristic.
Instructions
1
Chamber orchestras are predecessorssymphony orchestras. Before the appearance of the last in the XIX century, chamber orchestras performed secular music, sometimes accompanying the vocalists. Their name comes from the Italian "camera" - "room, chamber," because the chamber orchestras were a small team of musicians, often from 4 to 12 people. Often in the XVII century such orchestras contained ducal yards.
2
A distinctive feature of the chamber orchestrais that one part is performed by one musical instrument. In turn, in the symphony orchestra, thanks to a much larger composition, a group of musicians plays one part in unison.
3
In the process of historical development, the chambermusic, chamber ensembles consisted of such musical instruments as solo string or wind instrument and piano; two pianos or a piano, on which they played four hands; one or two violins, viola and cello (string trio); violin, cello and piano; pianoforte, violin, viola and cello.
4
Instrumental composition of the chamber orchestraimpermanent, because every particular work requires the presence of certain musical instruments. But the core of any modern chamber orchestra is string instruments. Often the string group is represented by 6-8 violins, 2-3 violas, 2-3 cellos and a double bass. For the performance of the general bass in the orchestra include harpsichord and bassoon. Often the chamber orchestra includes wind instruments. Since the XX century, the composition of chamber orchestras is characterized by freedom, as it were an accident of composition, which is determined by artistic design.
5
The repertoire of most chamber orchestras includesworks by Johann Sebastian Bach, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Antonio Vivaldi, Arkangelo Corelli, Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni, Georg Friedrich Handel, George Philippe Telemann and others. In addition, the musicians perform works of contemporary composers.
6
The format of the chamber orchestra is most convenient forfunctioning in small towns, as it does not require significant resources for maintenance, as, for example, the symphony orchestra. Among the chamber orchestras there are many well-known collectives all over the world. Among them is the English Chamber Orchestra, which has recorded more than 800 compact discs with works of its own and gives concerts all over the world.
Tip 2: Why does the orchestra need a conductor
Any musical instrument requires a performer. Under the sensitive fingers of the master, the true essence of the work is revealed. And it is especially important when an instrument is understood as a whole orchestra.
It is difficult to imagine how thin a hearing,the understanding of the work, the live perception must have a conductor. This is a master, catching on the fly every note, a subtle nuance that understands flaws, tracing the most inconspicuous dissonance and disruptions in the body called the orchestra. If a player needs a player for a particular instrument, a conductor is needed for the orchestra, since for the person the whole orchestra is the instrument on which you can play wonderful melodies.
Conductors - where do they come from
It is interesting to note that the final conductorart took shape only in the nineteenth century. However, already in the early bas-reliefs of the Assyrian and Egyptian civilizations there were images where one person with something like a rod, managed a group of people playing musical instruments. Something similar was in Ancient Greece, where a special person with the help of gestures of hands controlled the performance of music.The closest relative of the conductor's baton is a violin bow, as it was often the pacemaker or first violinist who asked the pace.It should be said that in the early stages of developmentorchestral performance, it was not as difficult as it is now. And the conductor was not always necessary. Partly the further development and regular complication of works and justified the art of the conductor, as well as the need for it.
19th century - conductors of our time
Further complication of symphonic music,the increase in the number of instruments in the orchestra required that all these be guided by a special person - a conductor. He held in his hands a special wand in the form of a tube of leather or just rolled up in a tube notes. Familiar to all the wooden stick appeared only in the early nineteenth century. The first to use it was Viennese conductor Ignaz von Mosel.It is interesting, but initially for decency the conductor directed the orchestra, facing the audience.In the practice of performers there was a tradition thatcomposers themselves often performed their works. They toured with their own orchestra or performed music at their permanent place of stay. The composer in this case acted as a conductor.
The importance of the conductor
The average orchestra consists of two or three dozenperformers, and if you take more, you can operate with a figure of about a hundred. Despite the fact that everyone has his own score, a person can have his own opinion on how to play: quietly, louder, faster, slower. As you know, how many people - so many opinions. Imagine a crowd of people, and everyone - with their own understanding of the work. The end product of such disorganization will be at least a cacophony. Here the head is required. He who will say where to play a little quieter, where to make an expressive accent, how to take a pause correctly. The complex science of controlling the orchestra makes it possible to give instructions exactly to individual musicians and to whole groups. Only in this way the brilliant work acquires fullness, wholeness and lives in the ages.Tip 3: What instruments are part of the symphony orchestra
The symphonic orchestra sounds rich, rich andvolume. This is achieved through the use of instruments with different methods of sound extraction. The composition of the modern symphony orchestra includes four main groups.
Instructions
1
Listen to several works forsymphony orchestra. Try to determine which instruments you hear. Even a person who has never studied music can distinguish stringed instruments from metal wind instruments. A string band you will hear for sure, because in the symphony orchestra the melody leads most often precisely it.
2
Listen carefully to the string band. In the symphony orchestra, it consists mainly of bow instruments. Such instruments include violins, violas, cellos and double basses. Violins, violas and cellos in the orchestra are many, but the double bass can be one. In turn, the group of violinists is also heterogeneous, it has the first, second and third violins. Approximately two thirds of the participants in the symphony orchestra are performers on stringed bow instruments.
3
There are two wind groups in the symphony orchestra. To the wooden winds are oboes, clarinets, bassoons. Strangely enough, the same group includes flutes, although they are made of metal. Woodwinds give the orchestra's sound strength and richness.
4
The group of brass instruments arehorns, pipes, trombones. These instruments have a bright expressive timbre, they sound powerful and give any product a brilliance and strength. In addition, it is the brass brass that often sets the rhythm. In the modern symphony orchestra not only pipes, trombones and horns are used. Recently, composers increasingly include a saxophone in their score.
5
Finally, the fourth main group - percussioninstruments. Their task is to set the rhythm and create a noise background. They adorn the sound of other bands. The impact instruments are of two kinds - with an accurate pitch of sound and without it. The first include instruments such as xylophone, timpani, bells. To the second subgroup of drums are drums (large and small), tambourine, triangle, plates.
6
Keyboard instruments in symphony concertsis, as a rule, a solo role. But often composers use a piano, organ or harpsichord as full-fledged orchestral instruments. For modern academic music, the characters are the most unexpected combination of instruments. For example, in the symphonic score can be included parts bayan, balalaika and even a harmonica, that is, instruments that are commonly referred to as folk. But these instruments are not included in the main structure of the symphony orchestra.
Tip 4: What tools does the alto
Alt is a tool that relates tostring-bowed. Currently, he enjoys undeservedly low popularity, despite the fact that the possibilities of the tool are incredible. Alt is the oldest of all modern orchestral bow instruments. The time of its creation is the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries.
Instructions
1
The viola is arranged in exactly the same way as the violin, but hesomewhat larger in size, that's why it sounds in a lower tonality. His strings are built an octave higher than the cello and a fifth below that of the violin (before, the salt of the small octave, re, the first octave). Most often, the performance uses a range from up to a small octave to the third octave. If the viola solo, then often its range expands toward higher sounds. Notes for him are recorded in viola and violin keys.
2
Due to the fact that the alt is somewhat larger bysizes, than a violin, it is far from being possible for everyone to play on it. For the same reason, the sound extraction and the technique on this instrument differ slightly from the violin. For the fingers of the left hand, a very good stretch is required, but even if it is there, it is very difficult to play the alto with a palm of medium size.
3
The alt has a bright timbre, it gives a thick, slightlyvelvety sound, especially pleasant in the lower register, and a little nasal in the upper. It is not as bright as a violin, but lovers of the viola like this softness of its sound. The unusual timbre of the viola is explained by the fact that the resonating body of modern instruments has dimensions from 38 to 43 cm, while the optimum for its system would be 46-47 cm long. It is precisely this size that old masters did and according to the assurances of experienced music lovers , to meet a violist with a tool of ideal dimensions is an unforgettable memory, since the sound of such a instrument is surprisingly beautiful. On the classical viola, usually experienced musicians play, which have very good technique. Such violas are not to be found in the orchestra, they perform solo.
4
Due to the fact that the solo viola is foundvery rarely, his repertoire is also not too wide. But in the orchestra, viola is used constantly, but there he is rarely charged with leading roles. Nevertheless, the viola is an indispensable participant in the majority of symphonic and string orchestras, and a string quartet without it is completely unthinkable. Also viola can be found in the piano quartet or quintet, string trio and other formations.
5
On the viola it is impossible to start learning how to playchildhood due to the size of the instrument. It usually passes to the end of a music school, or in later years, at a conservatory or school. It is known that Nikolo Paganini, who played the violin virtuously, had very long fingers and was a skilled violist. Another famous performer who combined viola with violin was David Oistrakh. Nevertheless, in the modern orchestra, violists are often looked upon as violators. Not so often musicians choose alt as their instrument for the love of him.
6
Among the composers there are fans of viola,who willingly give him the main role in his works. The first was Etienne Maiul in the 18th century. In his opera Uthal alto played the first part. Another fan of the viola is Hector Berlioz, who dedicated the Harold alto symphony. Berlioz wanted this game played Paganini, but, unfortunately, this plan did not succeed.
Tip 5: What instruments are part of the orchestra
The orchestra is a term of Greek origin,denoting a large musical and instrumental collective. The notion of the composition of the orchestra arose in the time of Bach and was associated with the unification of the musical art that generated the main modern musical structures: symphonic, string, folk and brass bands.
Instructions
1
The main community of instrumental familiesis a symphony orchestra. This is a fairly large team, performing mainly academic music (classics, studied by students of musical institutions) of Western European composers of the 17-19th centuries. Initially, with the advent of classical symphony in Europe in the 18th century, it consisted of brass, stringed and percussion instruments. Over time, the diversity of representatives of each group increased.
2
In the small symphonic orchestra (up to 50performers) include: flutes, clarinets, oboe, horns, bassoons, trumpets and timpani - usually 2 instruments of each kind. And also no more than 20 representatives of strings: violins (the first - 5, the second - 4), violas - 4 units, double basses - 2, cello - 3.
3
In a large symphony orchestra, where sometimesthere are more than 100 musicians, the string group can exceed 60 instruments (making up 2/3 of the total composition). A group of drums is noticeably added, except for timpani, this includes plates, there, there, a triangle, bells, a big and small drum. Wind instruments are represented by a copper band and a wooden one. Contrabass tube, up to 5 trombones (bass, tenor), 8 horns (including Wagner), 5 pipes (including bass, alto, small) - a copper band.
4
The wooden group has 5 instruments eacheach family, as well as varieties of some of them (English horn, flute, alto and small, counterfeit, etc.). Saxophones of all 4 kinds, harpsichord, piano, harp are often added. Very rarely - the body. According to the number of instruments with the same name, there are paired, triple, quadruple and quinary compositions.
5
The brass band is different from the symphonic orchestralack of strings. Wind instruments are divided into copper (wide-ramp - leading, and oksandzurny) and wooden (clarinet-saxophone, predominant, flutes, bassoons, oboes). The doubled wooden band is used in a large brass band along with numerous varieties of percussion and the attraction of keyboard instruments. This allows you to play along with waltzes and marches and opera arias, concerts, overtures, symphonies.
6
The national orchestras consist of nationalinstruments and are arranged according to the musical traditions of the people. Russian folk instruments include: accordion, balalaika, domra, pipe, stinger, horn, tambourine and gusli. Depending on the performed musical work instrumental composition can be supplemented by percussions, bells, oboes, flutes, etc.
Council 6: What instruments does the piano belong to?
According to different piano classification systemsfall into different groups: drums, strings, keyboards. Officially, the classification of musicologists Kurt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel is accepted in Russian and European instrumental studies. They are based on two criteria: the source of sound and the method of sound extraction, on the basis of which the pianoforte is classified.
Instructions
1
Consider the pianoforte on the first signclassification Sachs - the source of sound. The sound of the piano is formed by hitting the system of hammers along the strings. Strings are tightened by means of pins on a cast-iron frame. Resonance and volume to the sound of the string is added by the wooden deck. In pianos it is located horizontally, in the piano - vertically. Therefore, the source of the sound itself is a string. And the pianoforte falls into the class of stringed instruments, otherwise the chordophones.
2
Note the way to extract sound frompianoforte. For this, there is a whole system of hammers, using a special mechanism striking the strings. By this method, the piano is divided into a subclass of simple string instruments, such as cymbals. In cymbals, the performer also strikes the strings with hammers or chopsticks.
3
As can be seen from the modern structure of the instrument,the sound itself occurs in the piano from the blow. Therefore, many consider the piano to be a group of percussion instruments, along with drums, timpani, and darbukas. And the presence of strings is already classed as a subclass. But this is not essential. Stringed percussion instrument or percussion string instrument.
4
Further analysis of the mechanics of the piano will show,that the hammer blow occurs in the piano mechanically. The performer does not directly hit the strings with sticks, but uses the keyboard. The pianist presses the key, which, in turn, connects the hammer to work. On this basis, keyboard instruments are generally identified as a separate category. There are wind instrumental instruments, electronic. The accordion and organ have a keyboard. But they have a completely different principle of sound formation. The presence of a whole group of instruments with a keyboard allows us to talk about the validity of this division, as P. Zimin did in his system. By this classification, the piano can be called a string-type keyboard instrument.
Tip 7: What musical instruments are in the symphony orchestra
The symphony orchestra includesacoustic instruments, traditionally used in academic music. The composition of the orchestra, as a rule, is unchanged, but for the embodiment of the creative intention it is also possible to use other instruments.
Instructions
1
To the first group of symphonic instrumentsorchestra, the most extensive and probably most recognizable, include stringed bow instruments. This includes violins, violas and cellos, which usually are on the "front line" during the concert, right before the conductor, as well as double basses. All these instruments are a wooden deck with strings stretched over them, on which they play with the help of a bow. The shape of the deck for all representatives of this musical "family" is the same, its size differs, and, accordingly, the height of the published sound. The violin possesses the highest system and at the same time is the most important instrument in the symphony orchestra. A little lower on the sound of viola, and then a cello. The lowest sound has a double bass, which usually acts as a rhythm section, unlike a solo violin.
2
To the wooden wind instruments are instruments,the principle of sound extraction is based on the vibration of air in a hollow tube, where the height of sound changes with the help of valves. Despite the name, modern representatives of this group can be made not from wood, but from metal, polymer materials or even glass. For example, orchestral flutes are usually made of an alloy, into which precious metals can also enter. The company they make oboe, clarinet and the lowest in sounding woodwind instrument - bassoon. Outwardly, as a rule, they are all long tubes with valves-holes from above, the air into which the musician submits directly from his lungs. This group also includes a saxophone, but it is not a traditional instrument of the symphony orchestra.
3
Brass brass according to the principle of sound extraction are similaron their "wooden" brethren, although they differ from them in appearance. In addition, all instruments of this group have a loud and vivid sound, due to which they have rather limited application in the symphony orchestra and are not always fully represented in it. Most often the traditional composition includes a pipe, a trombone, a horn, a tuba.
4
The rhythm section of the symphony orchestra representsgroup of percussion instruments. It includes xylophones, triangles, and other noise instruments, but more often in the orchestra you can meet two representatives of this "family". Timpani are large metal drums, covered with a membrane, through which the performer strikes with special sticks. Also used plates - metal discs, which the musician holds in his hands and strikes each other. Actually, during the concert both of these instruments may sound only once, however, this will undoubtedly be a very tense part, the culmination of the work.
5
Sometimes in the symphony orchestra canto appear and other tools. Depending on the creative intent of the author or arranger, a harp, an extended composition of brass or percussion, keyboards (piano, harpsichord) or organ can be added to the traditional set at a concert. In modern variations of symphonic music, it is possible to hear very specific instruments for this genre, from Irish bagpipes to electric guitars, but they are not usually included in the orchestra.
Tip 8: What instruments are included in the symphony orchestra
The symphony orchestra performs academicmusic. It consists of a large team of musicians. The orchestra can be divided into several main groups of instruments - strings, winds and percussion instruments.
