Tip 1: How did the peoples of the earth
Tip 1: How did the peoples of the earth
The message of genetic scientists that everythinghumanity has come from a single mother, recently confirmed again. The study of the Xq13.3 gene suggested that the "mother Eve," who possessed all the genes of Homo Sapiens, met Adam about 200,000 years ago.
Africa - the birthplace of modern people
The most ancient representative of the species of ManReasonably lived on Earth about two million years ago. Such a recent conclusion of scientists confronts the conclusion of other researchers that the species homo sapiens is not more than 200 thousand years old. These experts believe that the genus Homo arose and developed quite quickly. His ancestor was an isolated group of African hominids. These are two hypotheses that debated among themselves-the poly-regional hypothesis and the hypothesis of "the mother of Eve." Adherents of both theories agree that the ancestors of people appeared in Africa, and the migration of a man from the African continent began about a million years ago. In accordance with the hypothesis of "the mother of Eve," the modern view of Homo Sapiens quickly adapted to a volatile environment and, as a result, drove out the other subspecies. "Eve" lived about 200 thousand years ago. The poly-regional theory says that the genus Homo arose two million years ago and gradually settled throughout the planet. Evolution was on its own, and groups of the human race that inhabited the cold lands acquired a more dense constitution and blond hair. Among the people who inhabited the steppes, the advantage was given to individuals with a developed upper eyelid, which protected the eyes from wind and sand. And those who lived in a hot humid climate, began to differ dark skin color and "cap" curly hair, which could protect against the harmful effects of the scorching sun. So on the Earth there were races - the formed groups of people united by common hereditary signs.Peoples of the Earth
In those days, representatives of Homo liveda few isolated communities. To extract food and survive, such communities needed to control fairly large areas, which provided natural barriers to rapid population growth. Even the transition from hunting and farming to cattle breeding also did not provide the opportunities for settlements to grow rapidly. Contacts with representatives of other settlements were practically absent, since the presence of a neighbor meant, in the first place, the presence of a direct competitor and a threat to the survival of the community. Thus, groups of people who settled in large areas developed separately for very long periods of time, which are sufficient to create their own languages of communication, specific rules of behavior, beliefs, traditions, that is unique cultural features within them. Thus, people began to appear as a community, differing in language, culture and traditions. That is, those characteristics that are inherently not transmitted. To date, the person's belonging to a particular people is determined not only and not so much by the geographical place of his birth or residence, but by the upbringing and cultural heritage that this person carries in him.Tip 2: Tales of how the people appeared
In the myths of different peoples, there were traditions, as a man appeared and life on the Earth began. In most legends, to create a civilization, the gods used their craft skills.
Legends of Mesopotamia about the origin of life
In the Akkadian poem "On the Creation of the World", writtenin the second millennium BC, it is said how fresh water (the masculine principle) and the sea (the feminine principle) were united, and from their union the first deities appeared. The Mesopotamian inhabitants were sure that the world was created by the gods, who became quite numerous before the appearance of the first man. The divine creatures were bored, and some even had to work. Heavenly and earthly gods constantly fought among themselves for power and needed to be revered. Once Enki, the lord of underground fresh water, decided to create new beings - people who should serve the gods. Enki dipped a piece of clay into the blood of the sacrificed god to give people the mind, and his mother spread out the resulting mixture into molds. After 9 months, the first generation of people appeared on Earth - 7 women and 7 men.Egyptian legends about the creation of the world
Initially, in the darkness there was only the ocean of Nun, fromwhich due to chaotic spills a hill rose up with the god of the sun Ra on top. Out of his mouth came the gods of air and moisture, and from their union appeared Earth and Heaven. Then came the stars and the universe. New gods were born, and the land was settled. Once God Khnum fashioned a person on the potter's wheel. According to myths, he put his craft on stream. God invested in each person life force and could dispose of human destiny.Scandinavian legends
Vikings believed that the world arose in the northern ice. From the melting frost from the icy abyss appeared the giant Imir and the cow Audumla. From the sweat of Ymir appeared many other giants. In turn, the cow Audumla licked salted stones, and the gods arose. Between the giants and deities war broke out, and later an irreconcilable hostility ensued. The gods sought to exterminate the clan of giants, and when they killed Emir, they created from his body earth, sky, sea and mountains. On the seashore they found the willows and ash trees and breathed life into them. Deities endowed trees with feelings and thoughts, and according to Scandinavian legends, these two trees became the first people on Earth.Hindu dream about humanity
In Hindu mythology in one version of theThe creation of the world says that originally there was only the world ocean. On it, lying on a giant snake, the god Vishnu sailed. Once he dreamed of a future world, and when he awoke, a lotus rose from his navel. From the flower came the god Brahma and created all things on the Earth. He also created the first man - the sage Manu, who later gave his wife for the veneration of the gods. Thus the human race appeared.Council 3: Which country is the birthplace of democracy
Democracy is one of the most advanced formsgovernment known to mankind. Most of the existing states (117 of 194) have a democratic structure and power. In what country was democracy born?
Instructions
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The very word "democracy" has a Greek form and has two roots: "demo" - the people and "kratos" - power, government. If you translate literally, the "power of the people" comes out.
2
The foundations of a democratic system arose inGreek policies (city-states). The head - the tribune and the city council elected on a general vote. The right of vote was possessed by adult men, ready for war and having land.
3
Many Greek principles ofinheritance "migrated to the constitution of the" eternal city "of Rome. In the Italian citadel, democracy was cultivated and seriously changed - the Senate was created, in which both foreign policy and internal laws of the proclaimed republic were decided. A single judicial and legal system was created - "Roman law".
4
With the fall of the Roman Republic, democracyserious damage. The power began to concentrate in the hands of kings, kings and sultans. Monarchs actively used the church and religious teachings to prove their "divine mission" (as did even the Egyptian pharaohs in antiquity).
5
The struggle of the unification of large landowners inEngland with King Johann the Landless led to the signing in 1225 of an important for the fate of world democracy document - the "Magna Carta". She limited the power of the monarch and forced him to take into account the decisions of the created Parliament.
6
Its democratic state was in Russia. In the Novgorod Principality, decisions were made at the town meeting on the impact of the bell. This meeting was called Veche. The cross on the freedom of Novgorod was set by Ivan the Terrible, which ruined the city.
7
The oldest democraticconstitutions adopted in the United States of America. "Declaration of Independence" was proclaimed in 1776 for liberation from the yoke of the metropolis - Britain. It establishes the idea of equality and the right to freedom of all citizens of the state.
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Thus, many nations contributed to democracy. The Greeks were the first to bear the "people's power"; the Americans revived it.
Tip 4: How Greece Originated
When there was Greece, hardly anyonewill answer accurately. For thousands of years it has evolved from separate territories, nationalities. However, historians and archaeologists have established the basic framework for the formation of a great civilization.
Instructions
1
The origins of Greece (Crete) Almost seven thousand years oldback before our era there were the first settlements on the island of Crete. Approximately in 2000-1400 BC local tribes decided to unite, becoming stronger and more powerful. At that time on the island flourished trade, art, especially valuable was handicraft work. However, at the end of the 15th century, a powerful tsunami struck Crete, which destroyed all buildings. The Cretan civilization ceased to exist.
2
Mainland Greece On the mainland at the same timeThey lived by the Pelasgians, who left Tripoli. According to one of the legends, he moved to the distance of flight of birds - storks - Pelasgians. The main activity of the people was also craft and agriculture. Already in the third millennium BC they owned a written language. At the same time, the territory of the people was invaded by the Achaeans, who completely subjugated the state. At the same time, the first cities began to appear, and military affairs began to develop. After the tragedy on the island of Crete, the Achaeans quickly captured Crete. So there was an ancient Greece.
3
In the VIII-VI century BC Greece overtook theall neighboring countries. Especially it touched the cultural side. There was a revival of architecture, monumental sculpture and painting. A special trace in the history was left by the poetic works and works of philosophers, which have not lost their relevance until now and are studied in humanitarian universities. Despite the fact that the archaic period lasted only three centuries, the Great Greek colonization became widespread in the Aegean region, the coast of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.
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The emergence of a variety of crafts, the relevancetheir products led to the expansion of economic ties and the transition from subsistence farming to market relations among tribes and peoples. For example, the inhabitants of Asia Minor with great pleasure bought not only products, but also food.
5
Geography of Ancient Greece Because of the naturalCataclysms Greece was divided into three large parts: North, South and Middle. The northern part began south of Macedonia. The middle of it was separated by high and impenetrable mountains. It housed Aetolia, Boeotia, Phocis, Attica. The southern part is the Peloponnese Peninsula, which was separated from Central Greece by the Corinthian Isthmus. The mountainous terrain with limited plots required special skill at cultivating the land. At the same time, because of the ruggedness of the coastline, overland travel was very difficult, which contributed to the development of navigation.
