Tip 1: How to Prick Penicillin
Tip 1: How to Prick Penicillin
Penicillin is used to treat variousinfections, most often it is prescribed in injections and only in rare cases in the form of tablets. This drug almost does not give side effects, but in some people allergic reactions can develop, manifested as edema, skin rashes and fever. There are many antibiotics of the penicillin series.
Instructions
1
Benzylpenicillin potassium salt andBenzylpenicillin sodium salt is injected intramuscularly, into a vein, under the skin or into the abdominal or pleural cavity. These same substances can be produced in the form of eye drops or aerosols. Sodium salt is administered only endolumbally. For administration under the skin or in the muscles, make a solution with 1% novocaine.
2
Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt is used inas a suspension, cook it with an isotonic sodium chloride solution or with sterile water for injection. The drug is administered once a day, only intramuscularly.
3
A suspension of novocaine salt of benzylpenicillin withWater soluble emmoline also enter intramuscularly once a day. It is available in 2 vials, which must be mixed according to the instructions, and stored at room temperature.
4
A long-acting drug is bicillin1, it is pricked in diseases that are caused by penicillin-sensitive pathogens. Prepare the suspension with an isotonic solution of sodium chloride or with sterile water for injection. Drive only intramuscularly, while making sure that you do not hit the vein with a needle. The drug is not used more than once a week.
5
Bicillin 3 is a mixture of equal partssodium or potassium salt of benzylpenicillin, as well as novocaine salt and bicillin 1. Coat it once every 3 days or once a week. Bicillin 5 is a mixture consisting of bicillin 1 and novocaine salt, inject it intramuscularly.
6
Phenoxymethylpenicillin is released from the general range of penicillins in that it is not destroyed by the acidic environment of gastric juice, and this makes it possible to take it inside.
7
Efquillin can selectively accumulate in the lung tissue. Enter it intramuscularly once a day, prepare the suspension with a solution of novocaine.
8
Semisynthetic penicillins, such asOxacillin and methicillin also enter intramuscularly, the solution is prepared with sterile water for injection. Oxacillin can also be taken in capsules. Ampicillin is also a semi-synthetic penicillin, has a wide spectrum of action and is taken in tablets.
Tip 2: How to prick your lip
Lip piercing has been widely used since ancient times. But if in the early stages of history he was a symbol, then for a modern man he became an ornament. Many believe that it is safe, and prick lip possible yourself. But this is far from being the case, great care and attention is required.
Instructions
1
Prepare the necessary materials forcarrying out of piercing-operation. You will need gloves, titanium or plastic labrets or ringlets, a new needle with a diameter of at least a millimeter, or a catheter, as well as hydrogen peroxide and cotton wool for disinfection.
2
Wash hands thoroughly, prepare the work area and wear new gloves.
3
You can do piercing around the entire perimeter of the lips. After determining the location, carefully inspect the inside of the lip. To do this, slightly pull it and find a site where you can see the least amount of blood vessels. Avoid their damage during the piercing operation.
4
Handle the hydrogen peroxide portion of the skin from the inside in the place where you are going to stab lip. Also carefully disinfect the needle.
5
Quickly make a puncture. Then remove the needle and immediately put on the previously disinfected pier. Remove it should not be at least a week. Do not forget to process the puncture with peroxide every day.
6
During the healing period of a puncture, it is strictly not recommended to drink alcohol or smoke. Also limit yourself from spicy and salty foods. All this is an irritant for the wound.
Tip 3: Who Discovered Penicillin
At the beginning of the 20th century, despite a huge leapin the field of medicine, a large number of diseases were difficult to cure or did not respond at all to treatment. But when the antibiotic penicillin was opened, everything changed for the better. For decades, millions of lives have been saved.
Alexander Fleming
It was this Scottish scientist who discovered penicillin. He was born on August 6, 1881. After graduation he graduated from the Royal College of Surgeons, after which he remained there to work. After the entry of England into the First World War, he became captain of the military hospital of the Royal Army. After the war he worked on the allocation of pathogens of infectious diseases, as well as on methods of combating them.The history of the discovery of penicillin
The most terrible enemy of Fleming in his laboratory wasmold. The usual gray-green mold, which affects the walls and corners of poorly ventilated and damp rooms. More than once Fleming lifted the lid of the Petri dish, and then with annoyance noticed that the streptococcus cultures he cultivated were covered with a layer of mold. It took only a few hours to leave a bowl of biomaterial in the laboratory, as immediately the nourishing layer on which the bacteria grew grew covered with mold. As soon as the scientist did not fight it, everything was in vain. But one day, on one of the moldy bowls, he noticed a strange phenomenon. A small bald spot formed around the colony of bacteria. He had the impression that the bacteria simply could not reproduce in moldy places.The antibacterial effect of mold was known back in ancient times. The first mention of the use of mold for the treatment of purulent diseases was mentioned in the writings of Avicenna.
The discovery of penicillin
Having saved the "strange" mold, Fleming grew fromher whole colony. As his studies showed, streptococci and staphylococci could not develop in the presence of this mold. Carrying out various experiments before, Fleming concluded that under the influence of some bacteria others die. This phenomenon he called antibiosis. He did not doubt that in the case of mold, he met with the phenomenon of antibiosis personally. After careful research, he finally managed to isolate the antimicrobial from mold. Fleming called the substance penicillin in honor of the Latin name of the mold species, from which he isolated it. Thus, in 1929, in the dark laboratory of the hospital of St. Mary was born all known penicillin.In 1945, Alexander Fleming, as well as scientists who established industrial production of penicillin, Howard Frey and Ernest Cheyne, were awarded the Nobel Prize.
Industrial preparation of the preparation
Fleming's attempts to establish an industrialproduction of penicillin was in vain. Only in 1939 two Oxford scientists - Howard Frey and Ernest Cheyne, after several years of work, could achieve notable successes. They received several grams of crystalline penicillin, after which they began the first tests. The first person who was saved by introducing penicillin was a 15-year-old boy suffering from blood poisoning.Tip 4: Why the tunic under the right breast
Most often under the breast stitches during trainingsports. This is one of the types of stomach pain. Pain under the right breast can be associated with such problems as gallstones, appendicitis, fracture of the chest and for other reasons.
Appendicitis
Inflammation of the appendix, vermiform appendix,attached to the intestines, is appendicitis. The main symptom of this disease is the pain in the right lower abdomen. Light fever, nausea and vomiting are other symptoms of this problem. Pain, which is felt in the right side, comes from the navel. At first it may not be strong, but deaf.Gallstones
Digestive juice, condensed, falls into the bilebubble. These clots are called gallstones. In this case, you should stop eating until the problem is resolved with the proper treatment. Pain at the bottom of the right side of the chest is the main symptom of this ailment. This pain can cover the upper back on the right side, the right shoulder and the entire right side of the chest. Nausea, vomiting and gas in the stomach are other symptoms of this disease.Colic in the side
In this case, the patient feels a sharp pain in the sidejust below the chest. As a rule, such pain is felt by people during the performance of physical exercises and after running or walking. Colic may occur due to contraction of the liver or spleen.Ischemia of the diaphragm, peritoneal peritoneal irritation and disturbance of the balance of the thoracic spine are other causes of colic.
Fracture of thorax
Acute pain can be felt as a result of a fractureChest. A common cause is physical injury. Most often, the injury occurs directly from the impact. But sometimes a person can get injured as a result of a severe cough. People with osteoporosis are especially prone to this type of fracture. With severe pain, you should immediately consult a doctor, as it often accompanies damage to the spleen, lungs or blood vessels.Because the causes of pain in the lower part of the chest canbe a lot, treatment should be carried out only after a correctly diagnosed diagnosis. Pain in the chest itself is not a disease, but a sign of one of many disorders.
Pleurisy
With this disease, mucous membranes become inflamedthe lungs and other parts of the breast. It becomes difficult to breathe. The acute pain is caused by the friction of the pleural layers. Pleurisy occurs as a result of pneumonia or tuberculosis and infection. Other causes are chest trauma, rheumatoid arthritis, and skin tuberculosis.Bowel obstruction
Disease occurs as a consequence of curvatureGuts or ingestion of a blocking object in the intestine. At the same time, convulsions are felt, which then intensify, then weaken. Pain can become acute after eating. Another symptom of an intestinal obstruction is a loose stool.Tip 5: What to do if the tunic on the left under the ribs
Stitching pain under the ribs can testifyabout a variety of diseases. It is important to consult a doctor with unpleasant symptoms in time to determine the cause of the pain and prevent serious health problems.
With the help of pain, the body always signalsthat some important systems fail. If you have a stitching pain in the area of the left hypochondrium, do not ignore the suspicious symptoms. Be sure to study the localization of pain and consult a doctor: depending on how pain is manifested, the doctor will be able to determine its cause. Pain in the left hypochondrium often occurs even in healthy people, signaling various problems, ranging from heart failure, ending with disturbances in the work of the nervous system.
What causes pain?
The pain in the chest on the left is a common phenomenon,which is most often regarded as a sign of heart problems. Nevertheless, unpleasant sensations can also indicate other diseases: - inflammation of the spleen, - stomach diseases, - peptic ulcer, - malignant tumors in the gastrointestinal tract, - pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), - lung diseases, - kidney diseases; - various pathologies of the nervous system - endocrine diseases - cracks or fractures of the ribs - osteochondrosis of the thoracic spine.How to determine the cause of pain?
If there is an acute stitching pain below theribs, giving in the left arm and scapula, it is necessary to visit a cardiologist as soon as possible. Such symptoms may indicate severe heart failure. The stronger the pain, the faster the patient should be shown to the doctor: a sudden burning pain in the left hypochondrium can be indicative of myocardial infarction. If pain gives to the anterior abdominal wall, and sometimes it is localized in the right hypochondrium, it is worth turning to the gastroenterologist. It is possible that the cause of discomfort is peptic ulcer of the stomach or duodenum. Cutting pain of shingles can be caused by acute pancreatitis.Examination of the gastrointestinal tract is requiredand in the event that the pain in the left part of the chest is accompanied by nausea and vomiting, since it is necessary to exclude the presence of malignant neoplasms.Extremely dangerous pain in the left hypochondrium caused byenlarged spleen. If you have experienced an attack of severe cutting pain in the left hypochondrium, accompanied by a darkening of the skin around the navel, you urgently need to call for emergency help. It may be about rupture of the spleen, and the lack of timely medical care can lead to death.
If attacks of acute pain after a few days begin to be accompanied by skin rashes, the patient may be diagnosed with shingles.Sometimes the cause of attacks of acute causelesspain in the left side of the chest becomes the pathology of the nervous system. Usually, such pains occur suddenly and disappear without pain medications, accompanied by cramps or migraine.
How to treat pain syndrome?
First of all it is necessary to consult withdoctor. Only an experienced specialist will be able to prescribe the necessary examinations and make an accurate diagnosis. For primary diagnostics, you should visit a district therapist, who will direct you to further consultations with a specialist if necessary.Council 6: What is penicillin
Modern society is wary ofantibiotics. There is a strong opinion that they do more harm than good. But, nevertheless, in the middle of the twentieth century penicillin was the only antibiotic of its kind that could cure most of the diseases from which people simply died.
The discovery of penicillin
The discovery of penicillin was truly happychance. The scientist, professor, and later the Nobel laureate Alexander Fleming, lived and worked in Scotland at the beginning of the last century. During the Second World War, he worked as a doctor in a military hospital. At that time people were dying from blood and gangrene infection, despite the fact that the operations were carried out successfully. Fleming was very anxious to find a drug that would prevent sepsis. The scientist was somewhat slovenly, and after he left the house where he spent his experiments in search of a medicine for a long time, he left the Petri dishes dirty. In them he carried out bacteriological experiments. Upon returning, the doctor found that mold was everywhere blooming, and in one of the cups she killed staphylococcus aureus. This scientist brought a mold accidentally from a neighboring laboratory where experiments were conducted with mold fungi. These events took place in 1928 and, up to the 1940s, Fleming fought over the development of a medicine. Because it was necessary not only to understand how this works, but also to conduct experiments, to deduce the necessary form of the medicine and to organize production. Only in the 41st year was it possible to save the first person from death with the help of penicillin. And the mass production of this antibiotic was established by 1952. From that moment, penicillin could be bought at most pharmacies.How penicillin works
Penicillin is safe for the human body andanimals, in contrast to antiseptic drugs. Its action is based on the inhibition of the vital activity of bacteria, which produce peptidoglycan, which participates in the construction of cell membranes. Penicillin blocks the production of this substance, thereby inhibiting the construction of new bacterial cells and destroying the existing ones. Human cells are not exposed to penicillin, as they have a different structure.Penicillin these days
It is generally accepted that penicillin is an antibioticoutlives itself. That he is already unable to cope with the huge number of pathogenic bacteria that have adapted to it mutated, creating new species. This is partly true, but to date, new semi-synthetic drugs have been created, to which the bacteria have not yet had time to adapt, in contrast to natural penicillin. However, in surgery only this antibiotic can cope with acute purulent infections. Semisynthetic antibiotics are mostly incapable of curing such an infection and their use in fighting it is useless. Penicillin often becomes the last hope for such diseases as furunculosis, meningitis, pneumonia. Basically it is used in the form of intravenous and intramuscular injections. This is preferable to the body, so the microflora of the intestine is less affected, in contrast to the use of tablets.Tip 7: Why is it very often the tunic under the ribs on the left side
Stitching pain in the left hypochondrium can be causeda disease of any of the nearby organs or irradiate from an organ located outside the painful area. When you have frequent stitching pains under the ribs on the left, you should pay attention to the accompanying symptoms, the intensity of pain, the circumstances under which it occurs.
Possible causes of pain
Stabbing under the ribs to the left can, and quitea natural reason - often this pain is observed with intense physical activity. To ensure the need for working muscles in nutrition and oxygen, the blood enters the bloodstream from the "reserve reserve", until the load circulates through the vessels. The spleen is filled with blood, increases in size and presses on the nerve cells of its own shell. This causes painful feelings. If the pain arises suddenly in an area that has not previously caused you anxiety, it is most often a symptom of the disease. The stronger the pain, the faster it is necessary to see a doctor, especially if the appearance of unpleasant sensations was preceded by trauma.Strong stitching "dagger" pain can signal the perforation of a stomach ulcer, a spleen injury (until its rupture).Repeated pain that occurs after eating,accompanied by nausea and vomiting, stool disorders) may indicate pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas), gastritis or gastric ulcer, as well as bowel disease (colitis, diverticulitis). The swelling on the left side of the body under the ribs may be due to intercostal neuralgia - Usually, such a pain is sharply increased when you inhale or change the position of the body.
Stitching pain with cough accompanied by fever is one of the symptoms of left-sided pneumonia.Pain in the left side, if they are accompanied by shortness of breath,darkening in the eyes, severe weakness, may be a symptom of diseases of the cardiovascular system, in particular, ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, or even a heart attack. Also, it is impossible to exclude the pathology of the spleen, acute appendicitis, kidney disease (with pain can be given in the back) or diaphragmatic hernia.
