Tip 1: The Winter Olympics of 1960 in Squaw Valley
Tip 1: The Winter Olympics of 1960 in Squaw Valley
The Winter Olympic Games of 1960, the fifth inaccount, were held from 18 to 28 February in Squaw Valley (USA). Awards were played in 29 kinds of competitions in 5 sports. Participated only 655 athletes, including 144 women, from 31 countries. How Alexander Cushing persuaded the leadership of the federations in winter sports to host the Games in Squaw Valley, for many remains a mystery. However, it is known that he made and presented to the IOC a giant layout of the city, which cost him $ 5,800.
For the first time OIs were conducted at such an altitude of 1889 mabove sea level. Competitions for bobsleigh, in view of the fact that Squaw Valley did not have a track and only 9 of 31 teams wanted to participate in this sport, they were not held. Therefore, to build the track specifically "for the Olympics" refused. But at this Olympics for the first time there were competitions in biathlon and ice-skating (among women). It is also worth noting that in the history of the ZOI this time athletes from all 5 continents participated. Organizers The Squaw Valley game was thoroughly prepared for this event by constructing an indoor winter stadium with a capacity of 11,000 people, as well as other sports facilities. The grand opening ceremony of the Olympics took place on February 18 at the Ice Stadium. There were 15 000 spectators. It should be noted that the show for this ceremony was prepared by Walt Disney - the world famous Hollywood film producer. An oath on behalf of all athletes participating in the Games said figure skater Carol Hayes. Squaw Valley was the first to introduce a computer-based information system that greatly facilitated the conduct of competitions. In the new discipline - biathlon - Swede Klas Lestander became the winner. It is worth noting that the biathlonists from the USSR then received bronze, and also took 4-6 places. In the skiing 3 "gold" won the team of Germany, 2 - Switzerland, Sweden and Finland, 1 - France, Austria, Canada, Norway and the USSR. In high-speed skating, the best were Soviet athletes for outstanding superiority. Of the 8 types of competition gold medals they received in 6. In addition, they earned 3 "silver" and 2 "bronze". The remaining 2 top awards to their homeland were taken away by the Norwegians. On the closing day of the ZOO in Squaw Valley, skating starts were organized to break records. Then the four-time winner of the Olympic Games E. Grishin set a world record. Moreover - he "went out" of 40 seconds, the first time in history (39.6). In single skating, both "gold" was won by athletes from the United States, as in the previous Games. Probably the main surprise in Squaw Valley was the victory of the US hockey team. Favorites - Canada, the USSR and Czechoslovakia - were out of work. Then our athletes took 3rd place. The complete set of awards was won by the skier-veteran from Finland Veikko Hakulinen. The Olympic gold medal was the third gold medal for him. As in 1956, this time in the team unofficial standings, the athletes from the USSR were above all, having earned 146.5 points and 21 medals (7-6-8). It was for that time a record number of awards. The second and third place was shared by Swedes and athletes from the United States - 62 points each and 3 "gold".
Tip 2: How the Olympics of 1960 in Squaw Valley
VIII Winter Olympic Games were held from 18 to 28February 1960 in the American ski resort Squaw Valley, which during his nomination for candidates for the right to hold games was not even a city. Nevertheless, the IOC's choice fell on him.
Squaw Valley from the very beginning was not suitable forholding the Winter Olympics. The preparatory stage was also delayed, the International Olympic Committee was even thinking about postponing the Olympics. As a result, the game was still held, but many objects did not have time to build, so the competition for some sports had to be canceled. In particular, the bobsleigh starts did not take place, as there was not enough money and time to build the track. The number of participants who came to the Olympics also left much to be desired, they were much less than in the previous games - 665 athletes from 30 countries. In eight sports disciplines, 27 sets of awards were drawn. At the Olympiad in Squaw Valley, for the first time the hymn approved by the IOC was performed. One of the features of these competitions was also the height of the area - Squaw Valley is located at an altitude of 1889 meters above sea level, which created additional difficulties for athletes. Biathlon entered the program of the competition, Swede Klas Lestanden won an individual 20 km race. On the speed of the course, he lost to fourteen opponents, but he was able to win by exact shooting. Silver was won by Antti Turbyainen, bronze, Soviet athlete Alexander Privalov. Olympians of the USSR performed very well in speed skating, winning 6 gold, 3 silver and 4 bronze medals. In the jumps from the springboard there was no equal to the athlete from the German Democratic Republic Hellmuth Reknagel. In men's and women's figure skating, both gold went to Americans - David Jenkins and Carol Hayes. In pair skating, the victory was won by Canadians Barbara Wagner and Robert Paul. In the hockey victory was celebrated by Americans, the second place went to Canada. Soviet hockey players took the third place, losing to the US team with a score of 2: 3, and Canada 5: 8. Not very successful for athletes from the Soviet Union and there were skiing, the only gold medal in the race for 10 km was won by Maria Gusakova. Silver and bronze also went to Soviet skiers Lyubov Kozyreva and Radie Eroshina. Another silver medal was won by the same athletes in the team relay race. As a result of the competitions, the first place in the team competition was taken by Soviet athletes, winning 7 gold, 5 silver and 9 bronze medals, the main contribution to the victory was made by skaters. On the second place came the united team of Germany, which included the Olympians from Germany, the GDR and West Berlin, they won 4 gold medals, 3 silver and 1 bronze. The third place went to athletes from the US - 3 gold medals, 4 silver and 3 bronze medals.
Tip 3: Where the Winter Olympic Games of 1960 were held
The Winter Olympic Games are genuinea holiday for lovers of winter sports. Sports competitions of 1960, which brought fans of national teams a lot of pleasant minutes, were no exception.
VIII Winter Olympic Games took place in the USA inThe city of Squaw Valley, this was the second time that the North America hosted the Winter Olympics. 665 sportsmen from 30 countries took part in these games. A feature of this Winter Olympics was that for the first time the games were held so high in the mountains - the Squaw Valley Valley is located at an altitude of 1889 meters above sea level. The opening ceremony of the Winter Olympic Games in 1960 was held on February 18 at the Ice Stadium, attended by 15,000 spectators. Interestingly, the opening program was prepared personally by Walt Disney. According to the results of the Olympics, the first place in the team competition was taken by athletes from the USSR, who won 7 gold, 5 silver and 9 bronze medals. The second place went to the united team of Germany, it included athletes from the FRG, GDR and West Berlin - they won 4 gold medals, 3 silver and 1 bronze. The third place went to the US team - 3 gold awards, 4 silver and 3 bronze. At the 1960 games, the biathlon program was first included in the competition program, which later became one of the most spectacular sports disciplines of the Winter Olympics. The first gold Olympic medal was won by Swede Klas Lestander, silver was taken by Antti Turbyainen, bronze - Soviet Olympian Alexander Privalov. Very great advantage was enjoyed by Soviet athletes in skating, taking six gold medals out of eight, three silver and three bronze medals. The ski races were unsuccessfully formed, only one award of the highest standard (Maria Gusakova, 10 km), two silver and four bronze medals, fell into the asset of the USSR. In this discipline, the Swedes, Finns and Norwegians played the main part of the awards among themselves. The failure of the Soviet hockey team, which took only the third place, also failed. The first place was won by the US team, the second - by Canada. Americans lost the Soviet ice squad with a score of 2: 3, from Canadians suffered the biggest defeat - 5: 8. In figure skating at that time, Americans dominated. As at the last Olympics, figure skaters from the US won two gold medals, one went to Canadians. Soviet figure skaters in the number of winners did not hit, their high point was still ahead. In the jumps from the springboard there was no equal to the athlete from the GDR Helmut Reknagel. The second place went to Finland, the third to Austria. After the closing of the Eighth Winter Olympic Games in the USSR, a series of stamps dedicated to the games in Squaw Valley was released.
Council 4: Summer Olympics in Rome in 1960
The Seventeenth Summer Olympic Games were held inRome in 1960 from the 25th of August to the 11th of September. Four years earlier, the Winter Olympic Games had already been held in the Italian province of Cortina d'Ampezzo, but the summer ones were held for the first time, so they were met with great enthusiasm by the Italians.
In the Summer Olympics in 1960, 5338athletes from 83 countries. The Olympic flame was lit by the 18-year-old runner Giancarlo Peris, chosen as the winner of the cross, held among young Italian athletes. At the opening ceremony of the Games, the President of Italy Giovanni Gronki spoke. As a result of the XVII Summer Olympic Games, the USSR national team took the first place in terms of the number of awards in the team event. Athletes of the Soviet Union won 43 gold, 29 silver and 31 bronze medals. The second place went to the Olympians from the USA - 34 gold medals, 21 silver medals and 16 bronze medals. The hosts of the Olympics rose to the third step, winning 13 gold, 10 silver and 13 bronze medals, which was an undoubted success for Italian athletes. The Soviet athletes performed very well at the Olympics in Rome, winning 15 of 16 medals in gymnastics. Gymnast Larisa Latynina received 6 awards - three gold, two silver and one bronze. Weightlifters representing the Soviet Union performed just superbly. Yuri Vlasov was recognized as the best sportsman of the year. During the competition, he set Olympic records in all three movements for heavyweight athletes. In the jerk and all-around records, the records set by him were simultaneously world ones. The rower Vyacheslav Ivanov repeated his Melbourne success by winning a gold medal on a loner. Our other oarsmen have also made progress. In rowing on deuce, the first to finish the distance were the Leningraders Oleg Golovanov and Valentin Boreiko. Two gold in rowing on kayaks was received by Muscovite Antonina Seredina. Canoeists from Belarus Leonid Geishtor and Sergei Makarenko won the race at 1000 m. In athletics among women, the best were: Lyudmila Shevtsova (Dnepropetrovsk) - in the 800 m race; Irina Press (Leningrad) - in the run with 80 meters barriers; Vera Krepkina (Kiev) - in the long jump; Tamara Press - shot put; Nina Ponomareva - discus throwing; Elvira Ozolina - throwing a spear. All without exception, Soviet athletes who won the Olympics, set new Olympic records. The closing ceremony of the Summer Olympics in 1960 in Rome was held in the presence of 90 thousand spectators who greeted the standard-bearers with the flags of the countries that took part in the event. Farewell speeches, a military band, a solemn march, the slow fading of the Olympic flame - so went into the history of the Olympics in Rome.
Tip 5: Hotol - a breakthrough in space technology
More than half a century after the launch of the first rocket, space flights remain very expensive pleasure.
The launch of each spacecraft is worthMillions of dollars. After that the rocket turns into garbage and pollutes the biosphere of our planet. The technology of one-time flights has not changed since 1960. British engineer Allan Bond invented a new concept of space flight and is a step away from its implementation.
The central place in this concept isA spacecraft of horizontal take-off and landing - HOTOL. The main difference from a rocket is in its engines. HOTOL does not carry heavy fuel tanks, but receives oxygen and hydrogen from the atmosphere. And only after reaching 28 kilometers begins to use domestic fuel reserves.
According to Bond, the first flight can already take placeIn 2018. According to experts, one flight will cost about 94 million dollars. And the spacecraft will be used many times. This will reduce the cost of repairs on the international space station and reduce the cost of delivering satellites into orbit.
But Bond believes that his brainchild can be used to colonize the nearest planets and explore remote corners of the cosmos.
