Tip 1: How to make a park layout
Tip 1: How to make a park layout
Ability to do layouts from paper and other improvised materials canuseful not only to the architect-designer. It is also relevant for schoolchildren, because, in accordance with the new standards of education, students should develop the ability to see objects in perspective. Make a layout parka anyone can do it themselves, for this we need materials and a little imagination.
You will need
- - dry branches, moss, cones;
- - colored paper for applications, ordinary and "velvet";
- - dense white paper or cardboard;
- - tracing paper;
- - Brushes for glue;
- - PVA glue;
- - a sheet of cardboard;
- - foam rubber;
- - ruler;
- - compasses;
- - a simple pencil;
- - scissors;
- - millet;
- - spray paint is green;
- - clay.
Instructions
1
As a prototype, you can take it realisticallyexisting in your city park. In this case, you will need to find or order his plan. Using your imagination and ideas about the ideal recreation area of citizens, you can and do the project of the park yourself, embodying it on the layout.
2
Go to the forest or park, collect dry branches,which in their form will resemble trunks and branches of miniature trees. Find and collect pieces of moss, small half-opened pine or fir cones. Spread a newspaper on the window sill and put everything to dry.
3
On a sheet of cardboard, draw the paths of the park,lawns, flower beds. If you yourself design a park, map out the outline of a small river. Design a central alley and a small area on which you can then put a miniature monument or arrange a fountain.
4
Sheet tracing paper on cardboard and copy toher project, transfer the contours of the vegetation cover, the river. Cut out these objects from the tracing paper along the contour. On these "patterns" of opaque blue paper or foil, cut out the surface of the river, and from the green "velvet" paper - lawns. The texture of this paper will mimic the grass, and the shiny blue or blue foil - the water surface.
5
Stick paper and paper lawns cut from papera cardboard basis on their pencil contours. To ensure that the surface of the paper that is wet from glue does not crumple after drying, press the paper pasted onto the cardboard with any load, for example, piles of heavy books. Leave to dry completely for several hours.
6
Spread the glued projected pedestriantrack, a central alley and a playground. Sprinkle the surface of the tracks with millet and level it so that the seeds lie tightly together in one layer. If you want to simulate a paving slab, then millet, when it dries, you can paint in gray or brown with a brush and watercolor paint.
7
Scroll a couple of times a small piece of foamThrough a meat grinder, the resulting pieces are covered with green paint from the sprayer and allow them to dry thoroughly. From twigs with the help of sharp scissors, form trunks and branches of trees. Pieces of moss are covered with glue with a brush and sprinkle them with green foam rubber shavings. You will get branches and foliage. Glue them to the logs of trees. Put the formed trees on a cardboard base, fasten the trunks with plasticine.
8
Cones paint with green paint from the sprayer,dry them and glue the bottom down to the lawns, they will represent tuya bushes on the mock-up. Of the remains of moss painted in the same way, form vegetation bushes and also glue them in different places of the layout.
9
Of thick paper, and preferably paper, dobenches - cut out the side surfaces, make slits for seats and back, insert rectangular pieces of cardboard - they will be backs and seats. Make a couple of bridges across the river from the paper. From cocktail tubes and plastic balls you can make lanterns and put in the park the figures of walking people.
Tip 2: How to make a monument
Monuments are created by people from time immemorial. The oldest of them are stone blocks, carved with the simplest tools. Man has always dreamed of perpetuating himself and the world around him in the stone. This is a very strong material, so the heritage of our ancestors has reached our days almost in its original form.
Instructions
1
In order to make a monument, you need to drawsketch. This can only be done by professional artists - sculptors. Therefore, if you do not possess the talent of the painter, it is better to entrust the matter to professionals.
2
Based on the sketch, a drawing of the monument is made. It can be simple if it is supposed to make a plate made of stone or metal, with a bas-relief or engraving. Or complex, three-dimensional, if you plan to sculpt a sculpture. Also in the drawing the main parameters of the product, width, height, thickness, and also the material from which the monument will be made are indicated.
3
If the construction of the monument is complex, thenneed to make a layout. It can be made from any plastic material - clay or gypsum. It is better to make a life-size model, so you can accurately imagine how the finished product will look. The more difficult the sculpture is, the more time it takes to make a layout.
4
Further in the drawing of a monument necessarythe dimensions and parameters of the product are adjusted. Sometimes in the process of creating a layout it becomes clear that the material for the monument is not chosen the most suitable. Then the metal is replaced by a stone (or vice versa).
5
If the monument is made for personaluse, for installation in an apartment, at the cottage or in the office, then coordination with the parent organizations is not required. If the sculpture is planned to be placed in a public place, you need to obtain permission in the prefecture of the district.
6
For this, the project of the monument together with the layoutis given to the regional department of culture along with a letter addressed to the head of the district. Further the project and the permission to installation are coordinated with the district management, as well as with the inspection of the protection of monuments and architecture. This process takes a very long time, therefore, if you are making a monument to a significant date, begin bypassing allowing authorities in advance.
7
When all necessary permissions are received, a sketch,drawing and layout are sent to the sculptor's workshop. Creation of a masterpiece is not a fast process. Therefore, if you need not just a plate with a memorable inscription, but a real work of art, be patient and allow the master to translate the project into reality.
Tip 3: How to make a fountain layout
If you are thinking about transforming youra country house or a summer residence, it is necessary to think everything over in detail. You will have to draw up detailed drawings and plans to provide for all the subtleties and nuances. But how exactly do you explain your ideas to friends and relatives? For this you need to do layouts buildings that you want to decorate the interior. For example, you wanted to place a fountain in the house. How to make it a layout?
You will need
- reservoir for a fountain, wires, an electric pump, thin tubes of the same section, pipe fasteners, materials for fountain decoration.
Instructions
1
Before you start making a layout, keep in mind that yourThe layout should be an exact copy of what you want to see in reality. The layout should be taken with great seriousness, since the future real fountain will be made exactly according to your layout. Negligence or mistakes can lead to disastrous consequences. Identify the location of the future fountain. It is necessary to arrange it so that itergonomically fit into the interior and was conveniently located. Decide on the technical part of the fountain. Also it is necessary to think about the appearance of the fountain. Try to draw a simple sketch to see an approximate version of the structure.
2
Now we need to draw up a detailed and accurate drawing. Note that the layout drawing will serve as the basis for the drawing of this fountain. To get a drawing of this fountain from the layout drawing, you will need to increase all the dimensions of the layout drawing by a certain number of times. This number will be the scale in which the layout will be executed, that is, the ratio of the size of the breadboard model and the fountain in full size. Think and measure all the smallest details so that there are fewer errors in the manufacture of parts.
3
Now you can start the process itselfmaking a layout. To do this, you will need a tank, which will be the main element of your layout. It is in it will be all the water. It is best to take a tank of round shape, then you will have a classic fountain. Next, you need to assemble a water circulation system. It should consist of small hoses and an electric pump. The electric pump must be moved out of the reservoir. Decide on the number of hitting jets in your fountain. You can make one nozzle in the center, from which water will be poured, and you can make several and evenly arrange them along the perimeter of the tank. It is only necessary to take into account that the power of the pump should be enough for the number of nozzles of the same cross section that you have chosen. All hoses must be carefully fixed. All holes in the tank for attaching hoses must be covered.
4
Make the first inclusion of your layout. You should check the system's operation and adjust the angles of the jets and their range. The range of the jet will depend on the size of the outlet nozzle. The narrower the cross section, the further the jet will beat. Note that even with current drops from which the electric pump can produce high pressures, water jets should not be pushed out of the tank. Carefully check the location of all hoses. None of them should be jammed or pinched.
5
The time has come. You need to decorate your fountain. To do this, you can use plants that live in water. At the bottom put sand and beautiful pebbles. Also, you need to install a fine mesh on the drain holes so that sand and other small particles do not enter the pump. Disguise the electric pump in any way. But you need to make easy access to it. In the decoration of the layout, your imagination will help you. After the end of the decoration process, invite all relatives and friends and make a presentation of your innovation.
Tip 4: How to make a lock layout
Manufacturing layouts - a very important component of children's creativity. After collecting the model, the child not only develops imagination, spatial thinking, fine motor skills, but also a detailed detailed representation of the subject (be it a ship, an airplane or a castle).
You will need
- - Cardboard;
- - glue;
- - ruler;
- - a pencil;
- - compasses;
- - scissors;
- - paints.
Instructions
1
If you and the child decided to make a layout Of the castle, then first decide on the material for creativity. You can use wood or cardboard as a "building material".
2
Choosing a tree, you will get a strong, durable, chic castle - a real occasion for pride. The very texture of your tree will give you a special color. The main disadvantage of wooden Of the castle - The complexity of cutting out details from a sheet of wood. If you are good at jigsaw, then there will be no problems.
3
Making a cardboard lock at first glance easiersimple. It is easy to cut details, it is easy to fasten them together. But the difficulties begin to arise when some fragment is not completely adhered, you need to add a little glue, a few drops fall on the front "wall" Of the castle, because of this, the paint stains there, etc. It is quite difficult to keep a faultless appearance of a product from such a fragile material. Nevertheless, for the first time it is recommended to train on the cardboard and only then go to more durable materials.
4
After determining the material, proceed todevelopment of drawings. Find in the books you like the castle or think of it yourself. You may have a question, why not first choose a model, and then raw materials for its manufacture? Everything is very simple. It is from the specifics of the material that the embodiment of your idea will depend. If you choose cardboard as raw material, you can relatively easily make rounded, bent fragments of towers. Working with wood, on the contrary, it is necessary to reduce a little the number and complexity of architectural "delights".
5
When you already have a ready idea, draw a sketch of the future product. And now directly on the sketch, indicate the approximate height, length and width Of the castle. Proceeding from the basic sizes, proceed tobuilding a more detailed and detailed drawing. It's not as difficult as it seems. Do the work in stages - from the largest to the smallest. To construct the rounded parts of the drawing, use the compasses.
6
Transfer the drawing details to the material fromwhich will be made the castle. Paint all the fragments of the product in the selected color. If you leave the painting "for later", then you risk leaving the hard-to-reach areas white or badly painted. Allow the paint to dry completely.
7
Cut the parts strictly along the contours.
8
Consistently glue all the details. Allow the glue to dry and your lock is ready.
Tip 5: How to make a newspaper mockup
Today's periodicals have manyeducational institutions and public organizations. The use of computer programs makes publishing simple and accessible even for non-professionals. One of the main stages of publishing is the creation of layout Newspapers. From the thoroughness of this work will depend on the external appearance and attractiveness of the publication.
Instructions
1
Use to create layout Newspapers computer application Microsoft Publisher. Install the program on the computer and start it. From the user requires the ability to understand the application menu, knowledge of working with fonts and managing colors.
2
Define the format of the future Newspapers. To make the publication solid, use the A3 format. However, if you do not have a printer of this size, use the A4 format.
3
Think in advance the name Newspapers, its logo and slogan. Such elements will give the publication more weight and solidity. Instruct the development of a graphic image to an experienced designer.
4
Open the Microsoft Publisher application andselect "Empty publications" in the menu. On the right side of the layout window, select Blank Sheet. Adjust the page orientation and its format. Set the fields. Leave the top and bottom margins as is, set the outer one at a size of 2 cm, the inner one - 1.5 cm.
5
Assign columns or columns using the guide grids. For an A4 sheet, you need five columns. For larger format Newspapers number of columns, select empirically.
6
Create text blocks on columns using the "Inscription" tool, located on the left of the toolbar.
7
Open the Insert Page dialog box by selecting "Insert" and "Page" from the menu. Set the required number of new pages, for example, three or four.
8
Slide the blocks to get them rightplacement relative to the guides. To do this, select the block using the "Shift" key and the arrow keys to control the cursor. Moving blocks can be done when the cursor looks like a four-sided arrow.
9
Go to the command "View" - "Two Pages" for viewing layout. In this case, the internal pages of the future Newspapers will be visible as a complete reversal. The basis layout Newspapers Ready.
Tip 6: How to make a clock layout
If your home has children, sooner or later you will face such a task: you need to help the child learn to recognize time. In this you can help layout hours - moving with you the arrows of self-made hours, the kid will understand and remember everything much faster.
You will need
- - Thick cardboard;
- - awl;
- - ruler;
- - Protractor;
- - markers or markers;
- - a screw and 2 nuts of a suitable size.
Instructions
1
Dress the dial. To do this, cut out a cardboard / plastic / wood circle whose diameter will depend on the size you need hours. In the center of the circle, carefully make a small hole in the awl.
2
Put the markings on the dial. It is most convenient for this use a ruler and protractor. First, draw one thin vertical line from the edge of the dial to the other edge through the center. Then, using the protractor, fixing the starting point in the center of the dial, make notes every 30 degrees (ie at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 degrees).
3
Turn the protractor over to the clean halfdial and repeat. After this, the resulting notes circled with a marker / paints / markers. Each of them is numbered in the standard sequence from 1 to 12.
4
Make arrows. If possible, use parts from some old hours. If there are no suitable arrows ready, thencut out of the cardboard / plastic two arrows, the same in shape, but different in length. The length of the minute hand should be a couple of centimeters less than the radius of your dial. The hour hand is as much shorter than the minute hand.
5
At the base of both hands, a hole will be pierced with an awl. Insert a small screw first into the minute, and then into the hoursth arrow. Then fasten the arrows on the screw with a nut.
6
Attach the hands to the dial. To do this, insert the screw with arrows into the central hole on the dial so that the arrows are on the side with the marked numbers. Fasten the screw from the back hours another nut.
Tip 7: How to make solid water balls
Is it possible to make a solid from a liquid? The answer will be positive if you mix the available substances in the right proportions. Having prepared a chemical compound before the arrival of friends, one can be surprised by their unusual transformation of liquid into solid balloons.
You will need
- - baking soda;
- - vinegar;
- calcium bicarbonate;
- iodized salt.
Instructions
1
Make sodium acetate, gradually mixing insmall proportions of baking soda and vinegar. Pour a pinch of soda into a glass, pour a little vinegar, rotate the glass until completely mixed. Repeat the operation several times, stir the slaked soda with a spoon and put it on the refrigerator for 10 minutes. Ready-made sodium acetate should result in a third of the glass.
2
Prepare sodium bicarbonate and iodized salt, these ingredients are needed to make solid aqueous balloons. With salt problems you will not arise, it is sold in any supermarket.
3
Get a small amount of calcium bicarbonateat home, mixing baking soda and calcium chloride, which you buy at the pharmacy. The chemical reaction formula is 2NaHCO3 + CaCl2 = 2Ca (HCO3) 2 + 2 NaCl.
4
Calcium bicarbonate can also be obtained fromcalcium carbonate is an ordinary chalk. Dissolve the chalk in water. Through the resulting suspension, purge carbon dioxide. Gradually the chalk will turn into calcium bicarbonate. Filter the solution and evaporate the water.
5
Chilled sodium acetate is mixed with a quarter cup of calcium bicarbonate. There will be a violent reaction. Measure 110 grams of iodized soda, add to a glass and mix.
6
Put the mixture on the fire. Simmer for 7 minutes, stirring constantly. Make sure that the liquid does not boil away, so adjust the fire during cooking.
7
Pour the liquid into a prepared container. Allow to cool for 15 minutes at room temperature. After this, prove to friends that you have made solid water balloons.
8
Lower your fingers into the container and pull it out.a solid ball or scoop a handful of liquid so that there are several water balls in the palm of your hand. In air, the resulting chemical compound is converted to a solid. It is necessary to omit the transparent balloons in the container, as they become liquid again.
