Tip 1: History of the invention of a fire extinguisher
Tip 1: History of the invention of a fire extinguisher
The fire, used by humanity onfor millennia, at any moment can escape from control and become the cause of unhappiness. To combat fires for a long time used improvised means - water and sand. Only in the XVIII century began to use the first fire extinguishing devices, from which the history of the modern fire extinguisher began.
History of the origin of fire extinguishing means
The first device found its use inpractice of fire extinguishing, it is considered to be a wooden barrel filled with water, alum and gunpowder. Such a vessel was thrown into the very heat, after which the powdered capacity exploded. The water exploded during the explosion and extinguished the fire. For the first time such a device was used in Germany in 1770. In the middle of the XIX century the Russian inventor N. Shtafel developed and tested a powder extinguisher of explosive action with the speaking name "Pozharogas". In appearance it resembled a box where a mixture of alum, ammonium sulfate, sodium hydrogen carbonate and earth was laid. Inside the device there was a cartridge with a cord and a powder charge.In case of fire, it was necessary to remove the protective tape, set fire to the wick and send the box to the epicenter of the fire. After a few seconds the device exploded, and its components stopped burning.Later, the fire extinguisher case from the box turnedin a glass cylinder with thin walls, closed tightly. The composition of the components that filled this vessel also varied. But only use this tool was not too convenient - for this it was necessary to open the flask and pour the composition into the fire. The effectiveness of these first fire extinguishers was very low.
Further development of the fire extinguisher
At the beginning of the 20th century an engineer from Russia A. Laurent invented and tested the original method of extinguishing a fire by means of a foam. The foam itself was formed during rather complex chemical reactions between alkaline solutions and acid. The method found subsequently formed the basis for foam extinguishers that have survived to date in a number of industrial enterprises. In the last century, electrical engineering began to develop intensively, which often caused fires. This brought new demands on the fire extinguisher. The body of the device became metallic, as liquefied carbon monoxide began to be used as a working substance. Later, the fire extinguisher was equipped with a valve head and a trigger device as a lever.To more effectively extinguish the fire began to use special sockets.After the end of World War II, effortsthe inventors concentrated on the development of powder fire extinguishers, the serial production of which gained momentum in the 60s. Powder fire extinguishing principle was recognized at that time as the most effective, although other types of fire extinguishers did not come out of circulation. In the practice of modern fire extinguishing, air-emulsion and air-foam fire extinguishers of reusable use are also used.
Tip 2: History of the invention of the vibrator
Interest in sex life existed withimmemorial times, so a variety of dildos are not the latest invention. But here is a sexy toy, capable of vibrating, arose not so long ago.
Background
The first devices for having sexappeared before our era. Archaeologists found in the excavation a lot of dildos of bronze, bone, wood and jade. Of course, such products were not cheap, and they became accessible only to the wives of wealthy nobles or wealthy hetaera. Widespread use of dildos was found in lesbian games and the famous Roman orgies. Even special devices for anal sex and dildos with artificial ejaculation were invented. However, not always the purpose of these devices was familiar. In ancient times, sexual intercourse was directly associated with fertility and it was believed that frequent use of such devices contributes to the welfare of the whole region.The ancient Greeks made trading vibrators one of the lucrative articles of their exports.
The appearance of the first vibrators
With the accession of Christianity, ancient depravity wasforgotten. About sexual pleasure it was forbidden even to think - and it lasted for centuries. Unhappy women used improvised items - cucumbers, corn cobs, candles, but this did not help much. A lot of women were tormented by sexual dissatisfaction, which was expressed in hysterics, irritability and insomnia. At first such "sick" were considered demoniacs and burned at the stake of the Holy Inquisition. Later the society was wiser, the medicine developed, and the doctors concluded that the whole reason is stagnation of blood. They offered to do women a therapeutic massage in the area of the vagina - the place of the accumulation of female energy. To everyone's surprise, the method was a success, and many patients began to dream of a re-appointment with the doctor. The doctors' hands quickly grew tired of this influx of sufferers, and to facilitate their fate, the first vibrator, working for a couple, was invented. It happened in 1869, and the author of the invention was George Taylor. The first vibrator was huge, about the size of a cabinet, and at work it made a deafening noise. Despite this, the invention was a huge success. However, to put the case on the flow was not possible because of the high cost of production. The idea of Taylor was picked up by other inventors - in 1880 appeared the first portable vibrator, which worked on batteries. The inventor of the device was Joseph Granville. And in the early 20th century, these devices could already be bought in a regular store. Interestingly, vibrators have long been considered a purely therapeutic device that relieves headache, fatigue and depression.The first vibrators were produced in several variations: home, portable, fastened to a chair, to the floor and to the ceiling.
Modern vibrators
Now no one denies that the vibratorsare acquired for sensual pleasure. Producers do not stop fighting for customers, releasing devices of various shapes, sizes and colors, with antennae, thorns and rings. There are double vibrators for simultaneous anal and vaginal sex, aromatized and luminous devices, vibrators with imitation of ejaculation, with remote control and even talking devices.Tip 3: How did the fire extinguisher appear?
Fire is a terrible phenomenon that takes a lotlives and makes you suffer. People try to avoid this by coming up with various ways to extinguish the foci at the initial stage of ignition. One of the means of struggle is a fire extinguisher.
Instructions
1
Fire extinguishers are special devices,intended for the repayment of fires at the initial stage of their development. The fire extinguisher is not used on a large scale. The history of his invention is very interesting. The prototype fire extinguisher began to be widely used in the early eighteenth century. It was then that, along with shovels and earth, wood barrels were used, in which water and alum were located, there was a wick on the lid of the barrel. This wick was set on fire and thrown into the fire, where the whole structure exploded, and thus the fire was completely or partially extinguished.
2
A little later there was another modificationfire extinguisher, which is a paper box containing a mixture of sodium hydrogencarbonate with alum, ammonium sulfate, infusorial ground and other substances. Inside this device was a cartridge with gunpowder and a cord. In the event of a fire, the cord was ignited, after removing the protective film, then the device was thrown into a burning room. A few seconds later, an explosion occurred, the contents spread around the room and the fire ceased. But because of their danger, these fire extinguishers were banned.
3
The first liquid fire extinguishers with steelballoons began to appear in the early twentieth century. On the outer wall were balloons with air or carbon dioxide. When placed inside the flame, the extinguishing compounds were expelled from the shell and thereby extinguished the fire.
4
Father-inventor of a modern fire extinguisheris considered an Englishman George Mansby, it was he who came up with a steel vessel with potassium carbonate back in 1813. The inventor replaced the liquid with a powdered mass that blocked the access of oxygen, eliminating the very possibility of combustion. Unlike earlier models, this fire extinguisher was not necessary to blow up, because the powder in the flask was under pressure. Mansby was the first to put a stopcock on the device, turning it and throwing out the contents of the fire extinguisher.
5
After the war,powder types of fire extinguishers, and some of them launched industrial production. The serial production of powder fire extinguishers began to develop in the 60s of the twentieth century. The extinguishing agent in such devices is always under pressure.
6
Substances that were used in the developmentfire extinguishers, were the most diverse - it's hladon, and bromel, and carbon dioxide. These substances were the basis for rapid quenching, which are used in our time.
Tip 4: The most useful inventions of the Chinese
Chinese civilization belongs to the oldest in the world. Throughout its history, the Chinese have made many discoveries that have benefited all of humanity.
Paper and printing
The Chinese made a big enough contribution to thethe development of ways to disseminate information, inventing paper. Unlike many cases, when the discoverers remained anonymous, the story retained the name of the inventor of the paper. He became a palace employee Tsai Lun, who lived in the III. BC. Paper was made from scraps of tissue and tree bark. The advantage of this material was the relative cheapness that allowed the paper to spread widely and make the texts more accessible to the public. After the invention of the paper, printing became possible. In the 7th century the very first printing technology appeared - a sample of text was cut from a tree, the print of which could be printed on paper unchanged. The first mention of the use of type-setting fonts in China dates back to the eleventh century.An important consequence of the invention of paper was the creation in China of the world's first banknotes - paper money.
Warfare
The Chinese contributed to the development of the militaryart. All kinds of catapults have been known to mankind since ancient times, but a real breakthrough was the invention of gunpowder - a combustible mixture of saltpetre, coal and sulfur. With the help of the Chinese, they learned how to create incendiary bombs that caused great damage to the enemy. In China, the first guns appeared based on gunpowder - they were hand-squeaked. Later, prototypes of guns were created for shooting large targets.The Chinese also used Western developments in armaments. For example, they perfected the Byzantine flamethrower, making it two-jet.
