Tip 1: What is neutral water
Tip 1: What is neutral water
The term "neutral waters" means water bodies that are outside the borders of states. It can be oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, groundwaters and even swamps.
The seas and oceans outsideterritory of countries, is also called the "open sea". Vessels that swim in neutral waters are subject to the laws of the country whose flag is installed on them. If a vessel is involved in criminal activities, for example piracy, then any country can intervene and exercise jurisdiction.
Where did the term "neutral waters" come from?
From the legal point of view, the concept of "neutralwater "is due to the appearance of the Dutch lawyer Grotius. In 1609, his work was published under the title "Free Sea". When at the beginning of the 17th century several countries, including Portugal and Spain, began to claim full control of all the seas and oceans, the Dutch were indignant, as this would block the possibility of trade with many foreign ports. Grotius, a pioneer in international laws, defended the right to navigation in the open sea. He insisted that the territory of the seas was free for all, and that ships could swim freely from one port to another.In his statements, Grotius relied on Roman law and the customs of maritime navigation in the countries of Asia and Africa.
The boundaries of the high seas
The idea that freedom of movement on the seasshould extend to the coastline, and did not translate into reality. The question of how far the inner waters must extend, has caused a lot of controversy. The danger of smuggling and military attacks has prompted countries bordering with the shores of the seas and oceans to demand the right to the waters located on their coasts.At the beginning of the 18th century, the internal waters of the country were considered to be a distance equal to three miles. This was the flight distance of the cannonball.In 1982, the UN Convention onto the law of the sea - a document approving the present state of affairs. According to this convention, each country itself determines the width of inland waters. Most countries expanded this area to 12 miles (22.2 km). It is customary to call it "contiguous zone". About 30 states have kept the former width of 3 miles. The convention also provides for the possibility of the right to an exclusive economic zone. This is a 200-mile (370.4 km) marine area within which a coastal state can carry out research and has access to the use of marine resources. At the same time inside such a territory the vessels of other states can swim freely. Not all countries claim an exclusive economic zone. There is also the concept of "adjacent zone". Its width is 24 miles (44.4 km). Within this zone the state has the right to stop the vessel and arrange a check, as well as to exercise jurisdiction if necessary, that is, if the laws of this country are violated. Water spaces that are beyond all the above-mentioned borders are considered "the open sea". They are also called "neutral waters".
Council 2: What is the UN
The UN is the abbreviated name of the OrganizationUnited Nations, established in the year of the end of the Second World War. 1945 was the beginning of the unification of many peacekeeping organizations into one, with headquarters in the United States, the city of New York.
Instructions
1
Before the emergence of the UN in Europe, North America andRussia existed organizations that promoted the interstate union for the benefit of all mankind. With this postulate, in particular, the League of Nations and the diplomatic cultural education "European Concert" were speaking. However, the Second World War required the appearance of a more significant and serious structure. And in early 1945, the largest powers in the world, such as the Soviet Union, the United States, China, Britain and France, signed a treaty at the San Francisco conference to establish the United Nations. Within half a year the UN membership included another 45 states, later Poland joined them.
2
Today, the United Nationshas about two hundred members, including such exotic countries as Solomon Islands, Micronesia, Guinea-Bissau, Antigua and Barbados. The state can become a new member of the UN only if it is ready to establish diplomatic relations and promote peace. Also, the members of the Council should vote for the candidate, with a result of not less than nine positive votes out of fifteen. The decisive word is for the United States, Russia, China, France and Britain, the founding countries of the United Nations.
3
The United Nations comprisessix structural divisions. This is the UN General Assembly, which discusses issues related to the maintenance of common peace and security, at annual meetings in the presence of representatives of 193 participating countries. The UN also includes the Security Council, the Economic Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice and the Secretariat. Of all the units, only the Security Council has the right to make specific decisions relating to the maintenance of peace, up to the call of participating countries for collective peacekeeping measures. Resolutions of all other UN departments are recommendatory in nature.
4
On the territory of the Soviet Union, the first institution,related to the United Nations Office, began working three years after the establishment of the United Nations. In 1948, the Information Center opened in Moscow, later fourteen more structures joined it. Today, UN agencies in Russia determine the strategic development of government programs aimed at supporting economic development, the health of the population, and controlling the demographic situation and the environment.
Tip 3: What are complex salts
Average, acidic and basic salts are productsfull or partial replacement of hydrogen atoms in acid molecules by metal atoms or hydroxide ions in base molecules with acid residues. But apart from medium, acidic and basic, there are also double and complex salts. What are they?
How are double and complex salts formed
Double and complex salts are formed bycompounds of neutral molecules of different substances with each other. These classes differ in dissociation in aqueous solutions: if the binary salts dissociate one-step into the cations of both metals (or the ammonium cation) and the anions of the acid residues, complex ions are formed upon dissociation of the complex salts, which show a high stability in the aqueous medium. Examples of dissociation of complexes are: [Cu (NH3) 4] SO4 = [Cu (NH3) 4] (2 +) + SO4 (2 -), K3 [Fe (CN) 6] = 3K (+) + [Fe (CN) 6] (3-).Complex salts are weak electrolytes, therefore they dissociate in aqueous solutions reversibly. There is both direct and reverse reaction.
The theory of complex compounds
The theory of complex compounds created the Swisschemist A. Werner. According to this theory, at the center of the molecule there is a complex ion-ion (metal ion) around which ions of the opposite sign or neutral molecules, called ligands, or addends are oriented.Most often, d-elements act as central complexing ions.Ligands of hydroxy complexes arehydroxide ions OH-, acido complexes - anions of acid residues (NO2-, CN-, Cl-, Br-, etc.), ammonia and aquocomplexes are neutral molecules of ammonia and water. For example: Na2 [Zn (OH) 4], K4 [Fe (CN) 6], [Ag (NH3) 2] Cl, [Al (H2O) 6] Cl3. The ion complexing agent together with the ligands forms the inner sphere of the complex compound, which is indicated by square brackets. The number of ligands around the central ion is the coordination number. The charge of a complex ion consists of charges of a complexing ion ion and ligands.
The charge of the complex ion is equal to the charge of the complexing agent if neutral molecules (for example, ammonia or water) act as ligands.The ions behind the square brackets form the outer sphere of the complex. Depending on the charge of the inner sphere, they can be cations or anions.
What role do complex compounds play in the life of plants and animals?
Complex compounds perform specificexchange functions in living organisms. They are necessary for the processes of photosynthesis, respiration, oxidation and enzymatic catalysis. Thus, chlorophyll in the cells of green plants is a complex compound of magnesium, hemoglobin of animals is a complex of iron. Vitamin B12 is a complex cobalt compound.Tip 4: What is the hydrolysis of salts in modern chemistry?
From the point of view of modern chemistry, hydrolysis (fromGreek. hydro-water, lysis-decomposition, decomposition) of salts is the interaction of salts with water, as a result of which an acid salt and basic salt are formed.
Tip 5: What are homeopathic medicines?
Homeopathic remedies are very widespreadAre used in the modern world for the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory infections. At the same time, most people using them have no idea how these medicines should work. So what is hidden under the expression "homeopathic remedies"?
Instructions
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Homeopathy is a special treatment system,Developed by the German doctor Samuel Hahnemann. At the end of the eighteenth century, he formulated the basic principles of homeopathy, which have not changed since.
2
The main principle of homeopathy is thatif a certain substance causes a symptom of a disease, small doses of this substance have the opposite effect, that is, eliminate the ailment. A classic example is quinine, a substance that is obtained from the cinchona bark. It causes fever and other symptoms similar to malaria. Accordingly, small doses of this substance from the point of view of homeopaths need to treat malaria. In other words, "like treats like that."
3
The second of the basic principles of homeopathy concernsrepresentation of the size of a small dose of the substance. In homeopathy, under such doses, an infinitesimal amount is understood. The active substance is diluted in water, while it is shaken or dynamized. Shaking allows water to memorize the use (energy, essence) of this substance, to collect information. In the water itself, because of the infinitesimal dilutions, not a single molecule of the active substance can remain. For treatment in this case, memory or information saturation is used. The higher the dilution of the drug in homeopathy, the less active substance is present in its composition.
4
As a rule, such water is mixed with conventionalsugar powder or other neutral substance, and the balls obtained from it are already prescribed to patients. It should be noted that at present homeopathic preparations can be produced in ointments, drops, solutions and even candles.
5
It is believed that charged water affects not so muchOn the physical body of a person, but on its energy field. It seems to give this field the right information. Homeopaths believe that they treat not the disease, but directly the patient, which is the third principle of homeopathy. For treatment to be more effective, it is not recommended to use more than two drugs at the same time.
6
Unfortunately, to prove the effectivenesshomeopathic medicines, using the principles of conventional medicine, it is impossible. Homeopathy can be built on faith or the effect of "placebo." Only this can explain why on some people it has a really noticeable effect, allowing you to cope with serious diseases, while others do not help at all.
