Tip 1: How are railways built in Russia?

Miscellaneous

Tip 1: How are railways built in Russia?

Railways have long and firmly occupied the leadinga place in the transport network of Russia. The first railroad, which appeared in 1837, connected St. Petersburg and Tsarskoe Selo and laid the foundation for an entire industry. Today, railways have become the main type of passenger and freight transport. The total length of such roads in the country exceeds 86 thousand km, and this network is constantly expanding.

A distinctive feature of the railwayconstruction in Russia - linear nature of the works. Construction is carried out consistently along the entire length of the future path; Work begins at the starting point and ends at the end. Construction work is largely determined by the prevalence of severe conditions in the country and depends on the weather, climate, and also on the hydrological, geological and topographical picture of the area. The main stages of the construction of the railway are excavation and the construction of the upper structure of the highway. Excavation includes the preparation, formation and compaction of the roadway along with draining of the marshes and protection against freezing. Construction of the upper structure of the road includes the formation of a sub-rail base, laying, fixing and joining the rails. The construction of a railway necessarily includes the construction of artificial structures - drainage trays, drainage pipes, overpasses and so on. In the intersection with the motorways special transitional structures are arranged. One of the most important stages of the work is the formation of a roadbed, which is a complex of engineering structures on the ground. The quality of the canvas will depend on the safety of the road, because it perceives the main load from the rolling stock and distributes it to the natural soil. The preparation of the canvas begins with the drainage of the soil, drainage of groundwater, followed by the leveling and compaction of the soil. Most of the work is done with the help of bulldozers, rollers, vibro-impact and tamping machines. Simultaneously with excavation work, road work begins, including a complex of measures for the construction of structural elements of the upper structure of the railway track. At the same stage, sleepers and rails are laid. There are two possible ways of laying. In the first method, entire track links are assembled, pre-assembled at production bases. This is the fastest, but relatively expensive way. Another method involves assembling a so-called rail-grill grating directly at the site of the work. At all stages of construction, operations are performed to straighten the path. The position of the track at the same time is brought to the established standards that meet the safety of traffic and the existing Russian standards. Completely laid down way obkatyvaetsya trains and finally gets rid of. Only after this the railway section is put into operation.

Tip 2: Why is the road called iron

The expression "railway" became very popularIn russian language. It is used by everyone: from the media to ordinary people. However, many still do not know the history of this term.

The term "railway" means a stripland, equipped with rails, or the surface of artificial structures (tunnels, bridges, overpasses), which are used for the movement of rail vehicles. In ancient Greece, Egypt and Rome, there were roadways that were intended for heavy cargo transportation. Their device was as follows: on the road laid out by a stone there were two parallel deep furrows, and on them wheels of carriages rolled. In the Middle Ages, there were roads in mines that consisted of wooden rails. Wooden carriages moved along them. In 1738 the wooden roads were replaced with metal ones. At first they were built of cast-iron plates with grooves for wheels, but this was impractical and expensive. In 1767, Richard Reynolds ordered the iron rails to be laid on the access roads to the Kolbroyddale mines. They differed from modern ones in shape and size. The wheels of the trolleys were also cast-iron. For their movement along the rails the power of a man or a horse was used. With the development of trade and the transport system, railroads also developed. Everywhere railways, close in appearance to modern, began to appear in the early nineteenth century in Britain, France and Belgium. Calling the iron road "Iron" became three hundred years ago, when itcame to replace its wooden analog. In common parlance, the term "iron" (for the name of the material from which the rails and other railway structures are made) was used for a long time. The railroad track is a rather complex construction, which consists of the lower and upper parts. The lower structure includes an earthen cloth and artificial structures (overpasses, bridges, pipes, etc.). The top structure includes rails and sleepers, rail fasteners, a ballast prism.

Tip 3: How to build the stadium "Fisht"

The Olympic stadium "Fisht" was built in Sochi tothe holding of the 2014 Olympic and Paralympic Games. The grandiose sports facility became the center of the Olympic Park. Tribunes unique to Russia's sports arena are designed for 40,000 spectators, in the future the number of seats will be increased by another 5 thousand.

The stadium was decided to name "Fisht" in honor ofof the same name, which is located in the western part of the main Caucasian ridge. Mount Fisht reaches almost 2900 meters in height and is a very popular tourist destination in the European part of Russia. The word "fish" is translated from the Adyghe language as "gray head", "white head", "white frost". The name reflects the appearance of the mountain - its top is covered with glaciers. It was this landscape that became the prototype of the central Olympic stadium: the lacy roof design, covered with a special polymer, creates the effect of a layer of snow lying on it. Roofing makes the building the tallest object of the Olympic Park, and when looking towards the mountains, the 70-meter stadium becomes a harmonious part of the natural panorama.

"Fisht" was built using the most modernbuilding technologies. The frame, reminiscent of lace, consists of their many metal arches, beams and other elements. Priority in the construction was the safety of athletes and spectators. Great importance in the construction of the facility had environmental safety and minimization of possible damage to the environment. Careful attention was also given to creating an accessible environment for people with disabilities. When designing, the requirements of the International Paralympic Committee were fully taken into account.

The height of the stadium's bowl is 36 meters. For the convenience and safety of the spectators, it is divided into sectors, each with a separate entrance. All levels of the arena connect the elevators and stairs. The stadium seats are installed in such a way as to visually increase the space and highlight the scene. To give this effect, the upper rows have a dark color, the bottom of the seat from the moisture-resistant material becomes light. On the roof of the building are mounted railways with special equipment designed for the transport of heavy goods at altitude. More than 20 lifts have been installed.

Unique technical capabilities of the Olympicobject are allowed to put inside even opera performances. The stadium "Fisht" is planned to be used for concerts and entertainment events and various shows. And, of course, the object will not cease to carry its basic sports function: here will be training athletes, matches of the national football team, as well as the FIFA World Cup 2018.