Tip 1: What is objective idealism
Tip 1: What is objective idealism
Idealism is one of the directions in developmentPhilosophical thought. This current was not originally homogeneous. In the course of the formation of philosophical views, two independent branches were formed-subjective and objective idealism. The first put human feelings at the forefront, declaring them the source of reality. And the representatives of objective idealism considered the primary principle of all the divine principle, spirit or world consciousness.
The origin of objective idealism
Representatives of different schools of objective idealismpointed to various causes of the emergence and development of reality. Religious philosophers placed in the center of the world of God or the divine principle. Other thinkers called the root cause of the world's will. The German philosopher Hegel, who most consistently and fully developed his theory of idealism, believed that the fundamental principle of reality was an absolute spirit. Greek idealism was initiated by the Greek philosophers Pythagoras and Plato. They and their direct followers did not deny the existence of the material world, but believed that it obeys the principles and laws of the ideal world. Material, objective reality was declared a reflection of the processes that took place in the all-embracing realm of the ideal. All the variety of things originated from the ideal beginning, Plato considered. Objects and bodily forms are transient, they arise and perish. Only the idea, eternal and immutable, remains unchanged. Objective idealism is also represented in the religious and philosophical views of the ancient Indians. Eastern philosophers considered matter only a veil, under which the divine principle is hidden. These views are reflected in a bright and imaginative form in the religious books of the Indians, in particular in the Upanishads.Further development of objective idealism
Significantly later, the concept of objectiveidealism was developed by European philosophers Leibniz, Schelling and Hegel. In particular, Schelling in his works already relied on the data of the natural sciences, considering the processes taking place in the world in dynamics. But, being an adherent of objective idealism, the philosopher sought to spiritualize all matter. The great German philosopher Hegel made the most significant contribution not only to the development of idealism, but also to the formation of the dialectical method. Hegel admitted that the absolute spirit that the philosopher put in place of God is primary in relation to matter. Matter, the thinker assigned a secondary role, subordinating it to the ideal forms of being. The position of objective idealism was most clearly reflected in Hegel's works Philosophy of Nature and Science of Logic. The absolute spirit of the thinker endows all attributes of the divine principle, giving it also the property of infinite development. Describing the laws of the development of the spirit, Hegel relied on the concept of contradiction, which in his concept took the form of the driving force for the development of the ideal beginning.Tip 2: The Philosophy of Hegel
German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel -one of those thinkers whose teaching will not be completely refuted ever. It can be developed, refined, but its elements will always be one of the foundations of philosophy.
G.V.F.Hegel was born in 1770 in the family of a high-ranking official, graduated from the Tübingen Theological Institute. He started his career as a home teacher, but his father's inheritance allowed him to give up teaching. In different years Hegel, in parallel creating philosophical works, was a privat-docent of the University of Jena, editor of the newspaper, rector of the classical gymnasium, professor of philosophy in Heidelberg, and then at the University of Berlin, since 1818 he headed the chair of philosophy at the same university, and in 1831 was appointed its rector. In November of the same year the philosopher died, presumably from cholera, the epidemic of this disease was raging then in Berlin.
Absolute Idea
One of the cornerstones of Hegel's philosophy -The concept of the Absolute Idea, the World Spirit. This is an active beginning, which is the cause of the emergence of a material and spiritual world. Her activity is thinking, her goal is self-knowledge, consisting of three stages. At the first stage, the Absolute Idea acts as a pure thought and manifests itself in a system of logical categories. The second stage is the self-alienation of the Absolute Idea in Nature, which becomes an external expression of logical categories. At the third stage, the Absolute Idea develops "in the spirit" (thinking and history), comprehending itself in human activity and consciousness. Thus, it returns to itself. This process of development and self-knowledge of the Absolute Idea is conceived as a closed circle. To the different stages of the development of the Absolute Ideology there correspond two philosophies - the "philosophy of nature" and the "philosophy of the spirit". The spirit of Hegel appears as subjective (the field of anthropology and psychology), objective (morality, law, family, society and state, history) and absolute (religion, philosophy, art). Thus, Hegel is an objective idealist.Dialectics
One of the main merits of Hegel to the worldphilosophy - these are the laws of dialectics. The concept of dialectics existed before Hegel. It was interpreted as the art of conducting a discussion, the doctrine of the variability of being, the way to destroy the illusions of the mind, and so on. Hegel's dialectic is a system that has become a universal philosophical method, "the driving soul of every scientific unfoldment of thought and represents the only principle that implements an immanent connection and necessity into the content of science." Any development (even those that were not apparent in Hegel's time ) is determined by three universal laws. The first of these laws is the "negation of negation": the old must be overcome (negation), but continuity in development is preserved, so there is a return to the old, but in a new quality, "on a new turn". This phenomenon can be observed in any development. For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, melody (denial) was being destroyed in academic music. In recent decades, the melodic beginning has returned to academic music, but the melodies have become different, beauty and emotionality (denial of negation) are no longer the cornerstone. The second law of dialectics is "the transformation of quantitative changes into qualitative and qualitative into quantitative." For example, the accumulation of changes in the genotype of organisms (quantitative change) leads to the appearance of a new biological species (qualitative change), the accumulation of mental neoplasms - to the transition to a new age stage (the child becomes a teenager, the adolescent is a young man). The third law is "the unity and struggle of opposites ". Examples of such "struggle" can also be observed in any type of development. For example, the whole history of the opera genre is the "unity and struggle" of the principles of through development and number structure, the atom exists due to the "unity and struggle" of the positive charge of the nucleus and the negative charge of electrons, the nervous activity is "unity and struggle" of the processes of excitation and inhibition. Perhaps the ideal expression of Hegel's dialectic (in particular, the last law) was the fact that his philosophy, being objectively idealistic by nature, was adopted by the founders and adherents of materialism philosophical trends - in particular, by Marxists.Tip 3: How is Plato's philosophical position determined?
Plato is the ancestor of the objectiveIdealism. His philosophy is a world that has collected general patterns and is defined as a world of ideas. The leading of them is the idea of a higher good, the beginning of all beginnings, which is based on wise laws and principles.
Teaching about ideas
The object of research for Plato isreality, realized as the opposite of the sensible world. He calls it eidos, that is, an idea or a kind. To know her man is only able through the mind, which for Plato becomes the only primordial and immortal in people. And all material appears in the embodiment of the ideal project. The Platonic idea can be called the very objective being or image of being. According to A.F. Losev's idea is the essence of a thing visible in the mind. In this case, the idea carries within itself the semantic energy of being and becomes something more than a theoretical description of the thing. Researchers for many years tried to catch the meaning and meaning of Platonic ideas, over time, four main interpretations emerged: - abstract metaphysical (Zeller): ideas as hypostatized concepts; - phenomenological (Fuye, Stewart): ideas as visualized given art objects; - transcendental (Natorp ): Ideas are logical methods - dialectical-mythological (Natorp of the later period, Losev in the early works): the ideas are sculptural-semantic images full of magical energies, or simply gods (in the known th aspect) .These interpretations were formulated in 1930. Therefore, in fact, the analysis of Plato's ideas to this day remains interesting for philosophy. He can reveal to the researcher a lot of aesthetic judgments, to analyze and explain them is not possible without clearly formulated guidelines based on logical clarity.The ideal state
Continuing to follow his concept of ideas, PlatoThe first in philosophy tries to give an explanation to the eternal dispute of individual virtue and social justice. His teaching on this subject is called "ideal state". During the crisis of the Athenian democracy, the philosopher succeeds in finding his reasons for breaking in the structure of the state mechanism. He defines the three basic virtues: wisdom, courage and moderation. These virtues, according to the thinker, need to be built in a hierarchical order, so that when justice is achieved in an ideal state, prosperity reigns. At the same time, state power should be concentrated in the hands of philosophers, and the military class must ensure the internal security of the state. Peasants and artisans need to be responsible for the production of tangible products. Four types of organization of state power can thwart such a construction of society: timocracy, oligarchy, democracy, tyranny. The main message in the behavior of people under these forms of organization of power is material needs. Therefore, they can not contribute to the creation of an ideal form of power.Tip 4: What are the main forms of idealism
Philosophy is often taken on abstract science,Completely divorced from reality. Not the least role in this assessment was played by various forms of philosophical idealism, which still have weight in the scientific community. During the centuries-old history of the development of science, many idealistic concepts of the world order were created, but all of them can be attributed to two main directions.
Instructions
1
The concept of "idealism" serves as a general notation forA whole series of teachings that have existed in philosophy since ancient times. This term hides the idea that the spirit, consciousness and thinking are primary in relation to natural objects and matter in general. In this sense, idealism has always opposed the materialist conceptions of the world order, which stood on opposite positions.
2
Philosophical idealism has never been oneflow. In this camp there are still two fundamental directions, called objective and subjective idealism, respectively. The first form of idealism recognizes the existence of an all-pervading immaterial primordial principle that exists regardless of human consciousness. The second form is characterized by the assertion that objective reality exists only within the framework of individual consciousness.
3
Historically, objective idealism was preceded byReligious images, common in the ancient culture of various nations. But the completed form of this direction was received only in the works of the ancient Greek philosopher Plato. At a later time Leibniz and Hegel became the most consistent spokesmen of such idealistic views. Subjective idealism was formed somewhat later than objective. His positions were reflected in the works of the English philosophers Berkeley and Hume.
4
In the history of philosophy, several differentvariations of these two trends in idealism. Thinkers in different ways treated the provisions relating to the original. Some understood it to be a "world-mind" or "world-wide will." Others believed that the basis of the universe is a single and indivisible abstract substance or an incomprehensible logical principle. One of the extreme forms of subjective idealism is considered solipsism, which claims that only individual consciousness can be considered the only reality.
5
The described basic forms of idealism have commonRoots. These include the animation of all living things that have been typical of man since time immemorial. Another source of idealistic views lies in the very nature of thinking, which at a certain stage of development acquires the ability to create abstractions that do not have corresponding counterparts in the material world.
6
Rivaling each other, representativesObjective and subjective idealism forget about disagreements when it is necessary to rebuff the materialist concepts. To confirm idealistic views, their adherents actively use not only the entire arsenal of the methods of proof and persuasion methods accumulated in philosophy and logic. In the course are the data of fundamental science, some of which can not yet find substantiation from the standpoint of materialism.
Council 5: What are the basic concepts of philosophy
Philosophy - the general theory of the whole world, the theory ofthe place of man in the world. Science philosophy was formed about 2500 years ago in the eastern countries. More advanced forms of this science acquired in ancient Greece.
Philosophy tried to include absolutely everythingKnowledge, because individual sciences can not give a whole picture of the world. The main question of philosophy is what is the world? This question is revealed in two directions: the philosophical idealism of Plato and the philosophical materialism of Democritus. Philosophy tried to understand and explain not only the world that surrounds man, but also the person himself. Science philosophy seeks to generalize the results of the process of cognition to the maximum. It explores the world as a whole, and not the world as a whole. The word "philosophy" in Greek means love of wisdom. Ancient scientist Pythagoras believed that philosophy is wisdom, and a man reaches out to her, loves her. But this concept does not reveal the content. Going beyond the term, philosophy is a complex, diverse form of human spirituality. It is considered in various aspects. Philosophy, dealing with the specific knowledge of mankind about the world, helps to know the world to people. In some cases, philosophy acts as religion. The main question of philosophy is the question of the relationship between being and thinking, subjective and objective, nature and spirit, physical and mental, ideal and material, consciousness and matter, etc. The main question of philosophy has two sides: what is primary and what is secondary; the cognizable world, or is it possible for human thinking to know the world in such a way that it is seen in its consciousness, or how do thoughts relate to the world around the world with this world. Two key directions - materialism and idealism - were singled out in relation to the first side. According to the idea of materialism, the primary basis of consciousness is matter, and consciousness is secondary from matter. The idealists claim the opposite. Idealism is also subdivided into objective idealism (spirit, consciousness existed earlier, separate from man - Hegel, Plato) and subjective idealism (the basis is the individual human consciousness - Mach, Berkeley, Avenarius). Between subjective and objective idealism regarding the first direction of the key issue of philosophy there is a general that consists in the fact that they take the idea as the basis. On the other side, the philosophers of antiquity also treated ambiguously. Subjective idealism was based on the basic position: the world is not fully cognizable, the sensation is the only source of knowledge. According to Hegel, the man's thought, his thinking, spirit and absolute idea are cognizable. Feuerbach asserted that the process of cognition begins with sensations, but sensations represent the surrounding reality not completely and further the process of cognition occurs through perception.
