Tip 1: How to make nails
Tip 1: How to make nails
Nails man began to produce from the moment of masteringtechnology of metal processing. Even the ancient Greeks used forged copper brass pins for the construction of their ships. Today, the main technology for making nails is cold stamping, but the ancient blacksmith's craft has not disappeared - the forging method continues to make nails for horseshoes.
You will need
- - forge;
- - an anvil;
- - Blacksmith hammer-handbrake;
- - forceps;
- - Vise;
- - cutting (chisel);
- - Nailing;
- - round bars.
Instructions
1
Take a round rod about one meter in lengthand a diameter of 10-12 mm. Heat in the furnace one end of it. At a distance of about 50 mm from the beginning of the rod, make a bump in one plane. Rotate the rod 90 degrees along the longitudinal axis and perform the same bump in the other plane. As a result, the cross-section of the workpiece in the squeezed place will be square, about 10x10 mm in size.
2
Pull the rod from the squeezed to the squarea pyramid 100 mm long with a pointed vertex. To do this, place the workpiece on the anvil of the anvil and apply a few quick and strong strokes, turning the rod 90 degrees. While the part has not cooled down, trim the edges already on the flat surface of the anvil.
3
On the edges of the pyramid, beat off a few chiselsincisions at an angle of 45 degrees. On this cutting, chop off the rod, retreating from the pinched place 20 mm towards the round part of the rod. You should get the body of a square nail, which at the end has a cylindrical "boss" (thickening). All the work done must be done for one heating of the workpiece.
4
To form a beautiful nail headuse a blacksmith's technique called landing. This way of processing the material is the opposite of pulling, that is, from a thin and long workpiece, it turns out to be short and thick. Heat the end of the workpiece to a white glow, and then grip the cold part of the rod in a vice. Short frequent strokes applied to the end of the workpiece, precipitate its end. Depending on the required volume and shape of the cap, this procedure must be done several times.
5
From the thickening made by landing,Help the hammer to give the hat the desired shape. It can be both flat, and have the shape of a bolt, ball and even a flower, if you need decorative nails. Sometimes, for the convenience of making a hat, nail is used - a special plate with rows of holes of different size and cross-section.
Tip 2: How nails were invented
Nails are known to mankind for a long time. But in their modern form they appeared with the advent of the first machines for the production of metal nails. Previously, these connectors were made by hand and from other materials.
Instructions
1
The most ancient products from iron find onterritory of Tartaria, which was located in the central and north-eastern regions of present-day Russia. Before the advent of handicrafts as a connecting element, man used suitable stone fragments, fish bones, wooden sticks and other suitable items
2
Why did a man need a nail?Ancient Rusich knew how to build wooden houses and other buildings without using any connecting elements. The secrets of this skill for today are lost, since there is no longer any need to skillfully craft wood, creating so precise grooves that the log buildings were built without a single slit. With the development of crafts, shipping, trade, it was required to build prefabricated temporary parking for soldiers, boats and ships, funds for land transportation.
3
All this required more durable and reliableconnecting elements, which became the nail. At first it was wooden, and with the advent of the possibility of obtaining copper alloys, it became copper. Soon people noticed that when adding tin to copper, stronger and more beautiful products are obtained. Nails were made of more suitable alloys. Thus, this connecting element was improved until the last time when it became possible to produce high-quality steels and other metals.
4
How were nails made?Machines for making nails were created only in the early 20th century. With the advent of this technique, it became possible to obtain up to several hundred products in one minute, and before that, the blacksmiths were engaged in this painstaking work. In shoemaking, nails began to be used since ancient times, but they were wooden. Until the beginning of the last century shoemakers zakolachivali in the soles of short sharp birch rods the size of half of the modern match, which swelled from the effects of moisture and firmly held the candle.
5
Today, almost all nails are made of steel, andship - from copper and brass. Roofing is covered with a layer of zinc, which prevents the development of rust. In England at the end of the 20th century, they tried to make nails from fiberglass. As it turned out, they are not inferior in strength to steel. In Germany, they prefer to produce nails covered with a thin layer of polymer. In Japan, the company "Kotoko" has been producing plastic nails for many years. They are highly durable, but they can only be used with wood. Plastic connecting elements are advantageous in that they do not damage saw blades, but are easily sawed together with wood.
Tip 3: What to do in the summer in a village for children
Children in conditions of suburban rest canbored without entertainment and modern toys. Organize their leisure can be so interesting that the rest will be unforgettable, and they will not want to return to the city.
Sending children to the village for summer vacation,should think about their time before the beginning of the cold city evenings held at home. Children can, of course, rest and play on their own, but more often than not, after completing the study of all the secret corners of the garden, the child begins to get bored, finding no business for entertainment. One should think over the organization of summer leisure for small family members in a country house.
