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History of origin

The word "calque" is translated from Frenchas "stencil", "copy". As authoritative sources indicate, the exact name of its inventor is not known for certain. This kind of paper appeared in the XVII century in Germany, in connection with the needs of architects, draftsmen, engineers, who needed to copy this or that drawing or scheme. There is an assumption that the first modern tracing paper was invented by civil engineers, in connection with the increased need for accurate copying of complex elements of the drawings.

Copying was carried out in the usual way "understencil ", the tracing paper was superimposed on the original, and along it a contour was drawn that appeared under its transparent surface. This method of copying is firmly entrenched in the activities of specialists of various professions and is sometimes used even now.

The very first "calico" medieval mastersmade as follows: ordinary paper soaked with a mild alcohol, kerosene or turpentine. So it became more transparent in comparison with its initial state. But this method caused various inconveniences: the paper left spots, it was problematic to draw something on it, etc., so there was a need for the calke that is known now.

In Russia, the first industrial production of tracing paper was established in Peterhof at the first state-owned paper mill in 1816. Over time, the manufacture of tracing paper was mastered by other enterprises.

Qualitative characteristics of paper tracing paper

Modern tracing paper can be made either fromsulphate bleached cellulose with the addition of wood pulp and cotton half-mass with glue, or from the finished parchment. Its main characteristics are density and thickness. To achieve transparency tracing paper, one of two methods is used: calendering (passing through special rotating shafts) or increasing the degree of grinding. The latter method is the most effective, since it adds paper strength, but also more costly. It is possible to combine these two methods into one production line.

Types of paper tracing paper in the USSR

Matte tracing paper without glossy side,designed for drawing and copying with a pencil, was made of non-calendered paper. Calcka, which has a glossy side, was produced in two types: carcass and lavsan. Carcass tracers differed in their fineness and were produced on a paper basis. The lavsan tracing paper had a transparent film base on the glossy side.

Pencil tracing paper without gloss, manufactured inUSSR, had such abrasive properties that it was sometimes used as a tool for grinding material for copper, brass, and sometimes even steel and glass. For example, with its help factory calligraphic feathers were often brought to the required smoothness of sliding. Also, with the help of a matte tracing paper, the roundings of the outer corners of the pen were polished, which scraped the paper.

Application of tracing paper now

Modern tracing paper is used both for drawingpencil and ink, and for digital printing on plotters, printers and plotter. Produce it in accordance with the standards and requirements of GOST. Also, paper tracing paper is sometimes used in the food industry as a packing material or in the sewing industry for the manufacture of stencils, patterns, and the like.

Tip 2: How to make cardboard furniture

Furniture of cardboard is quite solid, sinceis manufactured using a special technology. It regularly serves its purpose, and does not stand in the corner, as a decorative piece of furniture. Cardboard is very cheap, and in everyday life it is a wholly abandoned material, but furniture from it can be made of the most unusual shapes and boundless colors. Here, not only painting and decorating are applicable, but also decoupage, cloth tightening, which gives the cardboard furniture sophistication and uniqueness.

You will need

• cardboard, kraft paper, tracing paper, paint tape,stencil knife, replaceable blades to it, jigsaw or electric jigsaw with metal blades, thermo gun with glue kit, glue brushes, metal rulers 50 and 80 cm, universal wallpaper glue, quick-drying wood glue and liquid glue "Moment" for large surfaces.

Instructions

1

Choose the right amount for your product cardboard. For internal partitions of products with curves,round forms use a single-layer cardboard, two- or three-layer suitable for interior walls of straight furniture. Remember that dark cardboard is more durable than light.

2

Prepare also the paper "kraft" usualPackaging or white for covering the finished product inside and outside for painting or decorative gluing. For the same purpose it is possible to use tracing paper, at the same time both paper and tracing paper must be torn with hands to get a smoother surface. For pasting corners and joints is best suited paint tape, moistened with a sponge of water. Use a pencil, an elastic band and a metal ruler of 50 cm and 80 cm for the construction of patterns and markings, as well as for cutting cardboard. To process the sections, change the sandpaper, and for the waterproof coating - parquet varnish.

3

Choose the shape for cardboard furniture.Use the patterns from the Internet or books to start with, select a small object to understand the technology, and then you can come up with your design.

4

Develop your furniture with severalrules: objects must be proportional, stable; if the furniture is symmetrical, you can draw half the pattern, and the second simply to mirror; The minimum number of components is 3: this is the facade, internal elements and the rear wall. The number of internal elements, in the notches on which perpendicular parts are inserted, depends on the shape, stability and depth of furniture (up to 30 cm is enough for 1 element). The greater the load on the cardboard when used, the greater the number of notches required.

5

Keep in mind when designing the "clothes" of furniture with a thickness of 0.6 cm, which will be added over the entire surface due to the gluing of the kraft and decorative paper or cloth.

6

Cutting cardboard. Press cardboard heavy long metalruler when cutting for clarity of the line. Use the jigsaw to accelerate the cutting process of the same shape - it can simultaneously cut several layers, attaching them with paper paint tape. Leave the corners of the lines with the uncompacted - the cutting edge knife cut them more conveniently and accurately.