Tip 1: What is variability?
Tip 1: What is variability?
A few decades ago psychologistsregarded the personality as something permanent, unchangeable. To date, a constant feature is only the level of intelligence, and with this you can argue. For example, a child, according to his age, gets 150 points, and when he grows up, he gets only 120 according to the adult norm. So what is variability?
Instructions
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It is a person's ability to change under the influence ofexternal influences their behavior and deeper characteristics. However, if the variability was not limited, it would be very difficult for people to interact with each other. Impacts can be different: it can be both the direct demands of others, and examples of people significant to humans. What is the practical value of knowledge about variability?
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It is believed that on average people behave roughlyequally in only 30% of situations. Those who exceed this standard, usually hard to fit into society and are considered unpredictable and difficult in communication. Although such people are more talented and capable of opening a new one.
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With the variability of a particular personality,such an important trait as learning. However, as a rule, those who quickly learn skills and knowledge often get confused in the head and forget more quickly. And slowly thinking, thorough people learn once and remember for life.
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In childhood and adolescence, learning is higherbecause the plasticity of the psyche is higher, the ability to change and to assimilate new norms. The older the person, the more difficult it is for him to get used to new requirements. Therefore, it's so hard to start living with a man after 35, who used to live alone before.
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After 40 years, there is a crisis. In fact - this is a qualitative leap, when information collected by a person for life, is united into a holistic, stable worldview. True values become clearer, and a person becomes more tolerant. Now its variability is changing, it no longer tries on whole roles, but, while preserving the nucleus formed as a result of the crisis, it changes only external behavior. Personality finally ripens to about 45 years.
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At any stage in life, one should strive to increase its volatility to a socially acceptable maximum. This will dramatically increase the chances of having more diverse opportunities in life.
Tip 2: What is the Gini index
The index or coefficient of Gini is a term,It is used in statistical science and demonstrates the indicator of stratification of the population of a particular country or region within a certain trait. Most often this index is used to consider economic development with a basis in the form of annual income.
History of the origin of the statistical criterion
If we turn to a specific definitionapplication of the Gini coefficient, it is used to differentiate the material income of the population, as well as to determine the degree of deviation of their actual distribution from the absolutely possible. This indicator is used when it is necessary to identify the level of inequality in the degree of wealth accumulated by the population. The discoverer of this coefficient is the statistician and demographer from Italy Corrado Gini, who lived from 1884 to 1965 and proposed the system developed in 1912 as part of his work entitled " variability of the characteristic. "The description of the calculation of the Gini coefficient is as follows: the ratio of the area of the figure, which forms the Lorentz curve and the inequality curve, to the area of the triangle, k tory was also formed by two curves - equality and inequality. Thus, first the area of the first figure is located, then it is divided into the area of the second one. If they are equal, the coefficient is 0, and for the inequality - 1.Pros and cons of the Lorentz coefficient
The main advantage of this method of analysisstatistical reality is the important anonymity and the absence of the need to provide personal data. The pluses also include - the possibility of supplementing data on GDP and average income of the population, can also act as their amendment; allows to compare and indicators of different regions with different number of population; as in the previous advantage, it is possible to compare between different countries, with different degrees of economic development; Also, the Gini coefficient allows tracking the dynamics of unevenness and the degree of income distribution at different time or other stages. But this coefficient has its drawbacks. This is the lack of accounting for the source of income for a certain region, where the same indicator can be achieved both at the expense of very heavy income, and at the expense of the already existing property; the Gini coefficient can only be applied when income is received in money, not in food, stocks or other goods; The differences in the methodologies for collecting statistical data for further calculation may lead to serious difficulties or the total impossibility of comparing the available coefficients.Tip 3: What is the worldview
As the development of man and society grewThe need to reveal the secrets of the surrounding world, its structure, principles and laws. Answers to these and other philosophical questions give an outlook that is formed in culture.
Instructions
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A worldview is a system of views, opinions andideas of man about the world around him and himself. These are beliefs, principles that a person follows, his value orientations, ideals. The outlook is developed as a result of man's spiritual activity, knowledge of the world and himself.
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There are five main types of outlook: everyday (everyday), scientific, mythological, religious and philosophical. The everyday worldview is influenced by the person's immediate life experience, his practical activity. It can also include the experience of previous generations in the form of traditional ideas about the world. The world outlook is loosely associated with the achievements of culture and science and relies primarily on common sense. The scientific worldview, on the contrary, directly depends on the achievements of human knowledge and includes a scientific world picture, systematized knowledge. The mythological worldview is characteristic for the initial stages of the development of human society. It corresponds to such concepts of the world as: - Anthropomorphy - the animation of nature and objects, the attribution of human properties to them - The explanation of events in the form of legends and fairy tales - Immunity to contradictions, inability to distinguish fiction from reality, subjective from objective - Faith in magic , religions. A religious worldview is associated with belief in the supernatural - God or deities - with rituals and spiritual values corresponding to a particular religion or belief. Philosophical worldview develops at the level of theoretical consciousness, free from beliefs. It seeks to describe the universal principles of reality as objectively as possible, using reason and knowledge for this.
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A worldview plays an important role in people's lives. It contributes to the formation of a holistic view of the processes taking place in society and within itself, the development and systematization of various methods of cognition of the surrounding world. A world view allows a person to integrate into the society, and also to find guidelines for their development, to form values. The process of forming a world view is long and complex, and sometimes the search for oneself continues throughout life.
Tip 4: What is an in-depth interview
In order to explore the consumer market,understand its needs, deficits and preferences, several methods are used. One of them is the method of in-depth interview. On the principles of its conduct and the methods on which the in-depth interview is based, there is much discussion. However, this research tool is successfully applied and yields results.
The essence of the technique of "in-depth interview"
A deep interview is a "tete-a-tete" conversation withrespondent, based on interviewer questions. Despite the fact that questions for interviews are carefully prepared in advance, the conversation does not have a clear structure, and the researcher should be able to change or turn the course of the interview into the right direction. The interview should reveal the true attitude of the respondent to the essence of the issue, his motivations, beliefs, affect and reveal all aspects of the topic. Therefore a deep interview should be conducted by a highly qualified specialist. Using special techniques, he encourages the respondent to detailed, detailed, most honest answers. Depending on what tasks are set by the researcher, how extensive the topic of the interview is, and also on the personal characteristics of the respondent, the time for the in-depth interview can vary from half an hour to several hours. The process itself should be recorded in audio or video. This is done in order to not miss even the smallest information when preparing the analysis. Recording on videotape is also used to analyze non-verbal moments in the conversation. The success of conducting in-depth interviews depends on the interviewer's professional skills. He should not be prejudiced, should not "pressure" the respondent and influence his opinion. It is difficult to find high-level specialists in this field, therefore their services are expensive, and in-depth interviews are one of the most costly research methods.Comparison of in-depth interviews with the focus group method
Both focus groups and in-depth interviews are called uponperform similar tasks: identify the consumer's portrait, its behavior and attitude towards brands and producers, search for new areas of product promotion, product evaluation, etc. However, there are research polls in which work with a group of respondents is impossible. A deep interview is used when it comes to the intimate, personal experiences of the respondent, or the topic has a sharp resonance in society - military service, drug and prostitution problems, taxation when information from experts is required or "narrow" experts or the opinion of representatives of competing firms. Also, in-depth interviews are preferred if the respondent is a major official or a very well-known person, and the topic of the interview will affect his professional or personal life. Work in focus groups is also impossible because of the geographic remoteness of the respondents.Tip 5: What is the variability of organisms
Heredity ensures continuitygenerations, the transfer of signs from parents to children. However, the descendants of living organisms are not complete copies of their parents, since hereditary information is capable of changing. Heredity and variability are one of the most important properties of the living.
Variability is the ability of living organismsto acquire new properties that distinguish them from other individuals. Even identical twins are at least something, but they are different. Variability of organisms can be modification and hereditary, i.e. phenotypic and genotypic.
Modification variability
All signs of the body are determined by the genotype. At the same time, the degree of manifestation of a particular genetic feature depends on the conditions of the external environment and can be completely different. It is important to understand that by inheritance, not the symptom itself is transferred, but only the ability to manifest it under certain conditions. Modification changes in characteristics do not affect genes and are not passed on to the next generations. Most often such changes are subject to quantitative characteristics - weight, height, fertility and others. Different signs may depend on the environment to a greater or lesser extent. Thus, the color of the eyes and the blood group in a person are determined exclusively by genes, and the conditions of life can not affect them in any way. But the growth, weight, muscle mass, physical endurance strongly depend on external conditions - physical activity, quality of nutrition, etc. On the other hand, no matter how much you train and eat oatmeal, build muscle and develop endurance only up to the prescribed limits . These limits, within which any feature is capable of changing, are called the norm of reaction. It is genetically determined and inherited.Hereditary variability
Hereditary variability is the basis of diversityliving organisms, the "supplier" of material for natural selection and the main cause of evolution. It affects genes. Genetic variability has two forms - combative and mutational. Combinative variability is based on the sexual process, recombination of genes in the formation of gametes and the random nature of gamete encountered during fertilization. These processes operate independently of each other and create a huge variety of genotypes. The cause of mutational variability is the appearance of changes in DNA molecules. Mutations that occur under the influence of external and internal factors can affect both individual chromosomes and their groups.Mutagenic factors
Mutagenic factors significantly increase the number ofmutations in the DNA. These include ionizing and ultraviolet radiation (the latter is especially dangerous for light-skinned people), elevated temperature, mercury and lead salts, chloroform, formalin, dyes from the class of acridines. Viruses can also cause mutations.Tip 6: What is Artificial Selection
Artificial selection is a process of changecharacteristics of animals or plants by artificial means. For example, livestock breeders are often able to change the characteristics of pets by selecting those that have the most desirable qualities for reproduction.
Council 7: What is the Constitution
The term "constitution" is translated from Latinlanguage as a "device" or "establishment". It is she who is the main law of not an authoritarian state, in accordance with which and on which the presidents take their oath, entering upon their post. In Russia, as in many other countries, the constitution was adopted by the decision of the constituent assembly.
Instructions
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In the material sense, this documentis a set of certain legal norms that determine the course of work of the highest organs of the state. They also form the order and the course of functioning, mutual relations and competence, as well as the principled positions of citizens in relation to state power. The legal field also shares two constitutional concepts - legal and factual. The first is a set of legal norms regulating a certain range of relations within society, and the second is a really existing relationship.
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The Constitution is also different from the restacting in the state of laws on the following principles - it has the highest legal force, consolidates the provisions of the existing state system, determines the basic rights and freedoms in the country, as well as the form of the state itself and the highest authorities. There are also the following differences: the constitution is characterized by greater stability and less variability, it is the basis for the rest of the legislation, it is distinguished by a special order of acceptance and complexity of the changes.
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In the state, the adopted constitution isseveral functions. Constituent is a reflection of changes in public life and is the political and legal basis for the development of this society. The organizer consolidates the already achieved results of the state system and sets new tasks for it. The foreign policy regulates the political life of the country, and the ideological is fixed in the document and propagates certain political doctrine as dominant over the others (as was, for example, in the USSR).
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The Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted 12December 1993 as a result of popular vote, and entered into force on December 25 of the same year. As a result, the previous Congress of People's Deputies of Russia was abolished and the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation started, which consists of the Federation Council with two representatives from each state subject and from the State Duma, whose members are elected as a result of popular vote. The Constitution of the Russian Federation is a staple of the state system of the country, which determines the state rights and freedoms, the form of statehood and the actions of the supreme bodies of executive power. The President of Russia is considered officially inaugurated only after he takes the official oath of office on the Constitution.
Tip 8: What is jargon?
Jargon - this is a social dialect, a complex of vocabulary,expressive expressions, characteristic of any social group. Specific vocabulary of jargon develops within the phonetic and grammatical system of a language.
Tip 9: What is Darwin's theory?
The theory of evolution put forward by Darwin isthe theoretical basis of modern biology. Even in school textbooks, the anatomy of representatives of the animal world is viewed from its positions. Since the publication of Charles Darwin's main work on the origin of species, more than 150 years have passed, but the attitude towards its discovery remains ambiguous.
Basic theses of Darwin's theory
The theory of evolution developed by Darwin proceeds fromassumptions that the driving force behind the development of all living things is natural selection. In the course of evolution, there are two differently directed processes - reproduction and destruction. Living organisms arise, develop, and then inevitably die, subject to the laws of natural selection. In this case, as a unit of the evolutionary process, not individual individuals, but an entire population, act. Darwin believed that the driving forces of the logical evolutionary development are not only natural selection, but also heredity and variability. Under the influence of the habitat, individuals within the same population change in a similar way. But the variability can be of an individual character, flowing in many different directions. Darwin attached special importance to such uncertain changes. Throughout the entire period of the existence of the population within it, a struggle for existence is taking place. In this case, a significant portion of individuals die, leaving no offspring after themselves. The chances of survival are those organisms that have any advantages over their fellow humans. These are the signs that are significant for survival, inherited, being fixed in the population. The survival of the fittest individuals, Darwin called natural selection.Theory of evolution as a doctrine of the development of life
Even those scientists who adopted the theory of evolution,recognize that it still contains more questions than answers. Some provisions of Darwin's theory have not yet been unequivocally confirmed. It is not completely clear, in particular, exactly how new species of animals arise. Darwin planned to make his book The Origin of Species part of a larger and more fundamental work that sheds light on these questions, but never did it. The author of the theory of evolution noted that natural selection is by no means the only factor determining the formation and development of forms life. For the reproduction and breeding of viable offspring, cooperation, that is, the desire of individuals to become part of a certain community, also matters. In the course of evolutionary development, there is the creation of stable social groups, in which a clear hierarchical structure can be traced. Without cooperation, life on Earth could hardly have progressed beyond the simplest forms. The theory of evolution has become the most visible confirmation of the biological diversity observed in the world. Its main provisions are confirmed by data from modern embryology and paleontological studies. The theory of natural selection, which, although criticized by creationists, is still a logical explanation for the mechanisms of life development. On its basis, it is possible to build a variety of hypotheses that can be verified by experience.Charles Darwin and the theory of evolution
Tip 10: What is Diversification?
The term "diversification" is usually usedbusinessmen and business people, when they talk about expanding the scope of the company. The reasons and objectives can be very different for different companies. The very word "diversification" comes from the Latin diversus - different and facere - to do, literally: to do different things. Thus, diversification in the modern sense is a kind of strategy, according to which the enterprise expands the range of goods or services, organizes new activities oriented to new markets.
