How is the impact of environmental factors manifested?
How is the impact of environmental factors manifested?
All environmental factors are not acted upon by everyoneon its own, but as a whole complex. The effect of one of them depends on the level of the others. The organism reacts to the influence of environmental factors by adaptive reactions, called adaptation, and allow it to live and exist under the new conditions.
Instructions
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Environmental factors affectingto the outside world, a multitude. They are grouped into three groups: abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic. The first include the factors of inanimate nature, directly or indirectly affecting the organisms: light, temperature, humidity, chemical composition of soil and air, etc. In other words, these are properties of the environment that do not depend on the activity of biological objects. Biotic factors are forms of influence of living things on each other, for example, the effect of microorganisms on plants, plants on animals and vice versa. Anthropogenic - these are different types of human activity, which lead to a change in the conditions of living organisms or affect their existence.
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The nature of the impact of these factors can beto install. Any organism lives in the conditions of a certain environment and can exist only within the established limits of its variability. The most favorable level of the ecological factor is called optimal. When its effect is excessive, vital activity decreases. The area of tolerance, or range of action, of an environmental factor is limited to the points of maximum and minimum. Outside of them, the existence of an organism is impossible. For each creature, its limits are characteristic, for example, a housefly lives at an air temperature of 7 to 50 degrees, and the ascaris only at a human body temperature.
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It should be borne in mind that on any living organismA set of factors works, but only one is limiting (limiting). For example, the spread of certain species of animals and plants from south to north is limited by a lack of heat, and in the south, a shortage of moisture can be a limiting factor for these same plants.
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By the magnitude of the range of the factor, you canjudge the endurance of organisms. Biological objects that exist in a variety of environmental conditions are called eurybiontic. They include a brown bear, living in a warm and cold climate, in wet and dry areas, consuming both plant and animal food. Stenobiontic organisms adapt to life in a narrow range of environmental conditions. For example, trout live only in the clear water of cold mountain rivers.
