Tip 1: Philosophy as a modern science

The science

Tip 1: Philosophy as a modern science

Modern philosophy differs first of allby herself at a crossroads. Famous categories and methods of the former philosophical systems are no longer sufficient to serve the needs of knowledge of the world. According to most philosophers, their science is on the eve of a grandiose revolution.

Instructions

The very term "philosophy" comes fromAncient Greek words φιλία (affiliate) - love, aspiration and σοφία (sophia) - wisdom and means "love of wisdom." Although the exact definition of philosophy as a science does not exist, and to this day, its meaning has not changed since the days of Aristotle and Plato. Even the ancient Greeks formulated the tasks of philosophy: · Studying the most general, basic, laws of the development of nature and society. · Studying the ways of cognizing the world (gnoseology , logic) · Learning of moral concepts (categories) and values - morality, ethics, aesthetics.

Philosophy - a kind of science over the sciences,telling everyone else how to know the world. Both ancient and modern philosophy, like any other science, is primarily asked by fundamental questions: · Do we know the world? · What is truth? · What is primary - matter or consciousness? · From the last point follows the question of many people: «Is there a god ? ». Materialist philosophers argue that matter is primary, and the mind that generates ideas, including the idea of an omnipotent, omniscient and omnipresent creature, the God, arose from unreasonable (inert) matter in a natural way. They objected to the idealists: how then did the laws of nature arise, on which in inert matter was born the mind? Who installed them? Materialists put forward counter-arguments: but how then did the god arise? Where did he come from? Are there any restrictions for him? After all, a person who is definitely not a god, clearly has free will. But then it turns out that God can not do everything? And, it turns out, he is not a god, but just an idea, generated by the mind, in order to explain to himself the incomprehensible in the world.

Although the dispute between the materialists and idealists of the end-edgethey are not visible, both of them yield important results for practice. This proves that philosophy is a very serious science, not empty-headed reasoning, as ignoramuses sometimes say. The main task of practical philosophy is the development of paradigms for different branches of knowledge. Paradigm is also the Greek word παράδειγμα, which in turn derives from παραδείκνυμι (read paradigm - "compare") This means "example, model, pattern". The paradigm may not be expressed explicitly (words, formulas), but be present in the subconscious. But in any case, the paradigm is formed on the basis of firmly established facts. Philosophy develops ways of finding paradigms. One of them, based on the laws of logic and very widely used, illustrates the figure. But other, more subtle, are possible.

Without paradigms, any science would have gone intodead end. Examples of fruitless and ruinous efforts of the inventors of the eternal engine show how important the first paradigm of physics is the law of energy conservation. There are paradigms and not so global, but still indestructible. For example, in agronomy this is the notion that a plant must receive at least a certain amount of light energy for fruiting during the growing season. Therefore reasoning, they say, as a result of global warming on the banks of the Dnieper will grow bananas - ignorant dreams of frenzied nationalists. Do not give the sun at mid-latitudes for the whole year as much light as the tropical plant needs a banana.

Philosophers have long defined the general schemethe development of any science: · The identification of a paradigm based on experimental data, as shown in the figure to the article · The development of science along the way of using known experimental data (normal science) · The gradual accumulation of inexplicable facts and contradictions · The "blurring" of existing paradigms into abstract chaos. · Development of a new paradigm (paradigms) - a scientific revolution. Philosophy - a real science, objective. It itself is subject to the laws it has established itself ("right"). And the main feature of modern philosophy is that it is on the eve of the revolution. All the scientific knowledge has become so complicated that one philosophy is not enough for everyone. In addition to individual philosophies of knowledge, morality, art, and many, many others, one has to introduce philosophy into philosophy, for example, medicine, and even the philosophy of design. At the same time, the main question of constructing a system of categories in philosophy itself has not yet been resolved: how can they be derived from the principle of the unity of consciousness, not from existing ideas? After all, for this would have to reconcile on something unusually common materialists with idealists. When will the revolution begin in philosophy, which has not been equal since the days of Ancient Greece? Will there be a kind of philosophy over philosophy? What will it be like? There are many philosophical disputes about this, but the criterion of truth will be, as always and everywhere, practice.

Tip 2: Modern philosophy as a science

Philosophical knowledge developed over the course ofmany hundreds of years. During this time, new views on nature, society and thinking were born, theories appeared that contained the basic principles of the organization of the world. Modern philosophy still remains the basic science, the integrator of knowledge about reality. It absorbed the best achievements of thinkers of the past, enriching them with new content.

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The framework of modern philosophy in the history of science so farthat is not exactly defined. The reason for this is the ambiguity and blurring of the very concept of the "modern era". It is generally accepted that a new stage in the development of philosophical thought began at the beginning of the twentieth century, when significant shifts in the field of natural sciences and large-scale social transformations began. Changes in fundamental science and society are reflected in the development of philosophical knowledge.

Philosophy of the new and modern time representsa combination of dissimilar theories and directions. In this science contradictory tendencies of development of a society and scientific methodology were shown. Modern philosophers pay attention not only to the scientific, but also to the moral, moral and ethical component of their field of knowledge. Philosophy at the turn of the millennium has even more to influence the worldview of mankind.

In the history of philosophy, three maindirections, on which modern philosophy develops. This is an analytical philosophy, hermeneutics and phenomenology. Scientists working in these areas develop theories that are based on modern ideas about the development of society, thinking and nature in all its manifestations.

Phenomenology is focused onenrich the content of the inner world of man. Passing through consciousness, reality loses its sharpness and becomes depleted, lifeless, the representatives of this philosophical current consider. To enrich the inner world, it is necessary to pay attention to the consciousness of man. This is helped by the phenomenological method, which is carried out through a dynamic combination of contemplation, experiences and personal senses.

In the center of hermeneutics is the way of working withinformation, based on the interpretation and understanding of texts. The focus here is on language and its capabilities. In hermeneutics, the term "understanding" implies not only the attribution of a certain phenomenon to a science, a concept, but also the filling of this concept with meaning. In this respect, hermeneutics approaches the methods of phenomenology. This direction began to develop rapidly with the advent of information technology.

The basis of modern analytical philosophy -detailed and comprehensive analysis of the language and logic of thinking. For a sample, this philosophical direction takes mathematics with its rigorous and precise methods of research and presentation of data. The use of mathematical methodology allows philosophers to go beyond the bounds of general reasoning and concentrate on precise methods of searching for the laws of being. Modern philosophy, following this path, is transformed from abstract science into a field of knowledge, accessible to verification by methods of other sciences.

Tip 3: Ecology as a modern science

The biosphere of the planet has long been experiencingserious load. To save their home, humanity needs to make dedicated efforts. Solve similar problems helps ecology, integral science of the environment. Modern ecology consists of several interconnected tiers, each of which addresses specific problems related to the natural environment of man.

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At the turn of two millennia, the ecology turnedin the systemic science, within which a holistic philosophy of the balanced development of human civilization is being developed. The purpose of this discipline is increasingly becoming not only a comprehensive study of the environment, but also the development of methods for its recovery. In conditions of an active offensive of civilization on nature, this direction in science becomes extremely important.

A feature of modern ecology isthat from natural science it is increasingly becoming a set of applied disciplines, absorbing knowledge from the field of physics, chemistry, geography, sociology and even economics. The pronounced social bias, which has been outlined recently, brings the ecology closer to social sciences and social philosophy.

In the broadest sense of the word, modern ecologycontains several dozens of research areas and experimental developments. The sphere of education, unfortunately, does not keep up with the development of environmental knowledge. Environmental professionals have to improve their skills on their own, not limited to standard curricula, the volume and quality of which often can not meet the society's need for environmental education.

Originating as a bioecology, the science of the surroundingthe environment has now grown into a complex discipline, the basis for which has become environmental philosophy. Within the framework of the current ecology, not only the collection and systematization of biological and geographical knowledge occurs, but also direct and inverse links between natural processes and the results of their influence on the social sphere and economic activity are revealed.

At the center of ecology at the present stage, itsdevelopment are both the relationship between living and inanimate nature, as well as the conscious activity of a person changing the face of the planet on a daily basis and creating an increasingly comfortable environment for himself. Investigating individual ecosystems in terms of their usefulness for people, ecology seeks to form a long-term strategy for the relationship between man and natural objects.

Knowledge, gleaned from ecology, is wideapplication in almost all spheres of human activity: in industry, agriculture and forestry, energy, military affairs. The recommendations of environmental scientists are increasingly being listened to by managers of manufacturing industries interested in maintaining the natural base for their business for the long term. In some states, the provisions of environmental philosophy become the basis for the laws that are adopted that are directly related to the environment.

Tip 4: What is modern sociology as a science

Sociology belongs to the groupsocial-humanitarian, or social disciplines. All humanities are interrelated, as they study human nature and culture of the spirit. Social sciences are engaged in studying the lives of people within society.

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Sociology studies society as a single system: its structure, development, as well as the interaction of people among themselves. This science has four main functions: empirical, theoretical, prognostic and applied.

The empirical function is to studylife experience. It includes the collection and processing of information. Thanks to this function you can find out about the number of people in the country or around the world, the level of marriages and divorces and much more. This function is interrelated with psychology and anthropology.

The theoretical function is responsible for the conclusions,made by empirical research. So sociologists make up new theories and concepts about society, when necessary introduce new terms and present the found patterns. This function is also related to history and social philosophy.

The prognostic function, in turn, dependsfrom the theoretical - on its basis, there are forecasts and trends in the development of society. It helps to determine the likely advantages and disadvantages of each development option and to indicate their long-term consequences.

The application function is at the top of the pyramidfunctions. It is that it solves practical problems for different groups of society: from states and ending with individuals. Interconnected with social psychology.

Sociology is also studied on two levels: macrosociology and microsociology. Macrosociology views society as a single system. Microsociology deals with interpersonal relationships and the interaction of small groups.

Sociology is a fairly young science, it isemerged in the 30s of the XIX century. The term "sociology" was proposed by Auguste Comte. Problems in which sociology has been discussed long ago - by Plato and Aristotle, but then they were part of philosophy.

Active study of sociology began only in 90years after its appearance - in the 20s of the XX century a lot of narrowly specialized areas were created within the framework of this science. Among them - the family, education, work, science and law. Each of the areas is now seen as a separate phenomenon, whose internal dependencies are considered using sociological methods.

Now thanks to sociology it is possible to solve suchtasks, such as predicting a candidate's victory in elections, and modeling the policy that will have either demographic indicators and their impact on other areas of activity.

As a discipline, sociology is studied at all humanitarian faculties, considering it from the point of view of a given specialty.