Tip 1: How to determine the hypothesis

The science

Tip 1: How to determine the hypothesis

The hypothesis sets the main direction of allscientific search and is a kind of scientific foresight. The object, subject, goals and tasks of the research must necessarily be supplemented with a hypothesis - an assumption that contains a probable solution to the problem under consideration.

Instructions

Since the hypothesis serves as a reference pointscientific and research activities, to which you will apply throughout the work. Designate its postulates competently and clearly, strictly in accordance with the subject of the study. When formulating the hypothesis, it is impossible to use scientific concepts and terms that are not deciphered in the introductory part of the work. Scientific and methodical literature suggests the following patterns of hypothesis formulation: "It is assumed that the formation of ... becomes successful (effective) under the following conditions ..."; "... affects ... in those cases if ..."; "We can assume that the application ... will raise the level ...".

The most important characteristic of the hypothesis is itsverifiability, which is carried out with the help of the declared practical or theoretical methods. Solving the problems voiced at the beginning of the project should lead you to the goal and to verify the stated hypothesis of the study. Information obtained as a result of the work done, must refute or confirm the hypothesis.

When determining the hypothesis, be guidedprevious knowledge. Any scientific idea does not appear by itself. It should be based on the writings of scientists who worked on the development of this problem. Carefully study the results of such studies and formulate a hypothesis in accordance with the information received.

Often when performing a large-scale scientific worknot one, but several working hypotheses are put forward, which are subdivided into main (main) and private (auxiliary). In this case, it is difficult to formulate the final version of the hypothesis at once. It is better to postpone this question until all the stated assumptions have been worked out, and build a general hypothesis based on the results obtained.

Tip 2: How to test hypotheses

Verifiability hypotheses - an important condition of its scientific validity. The hypothesis must allow the principle possibility of its refutation or confirmation. Also, the hypothesis should allow the possibility of an experimental verification in principle. However, this hypothesis is not discarded, the principal possibility of verification of which is assumed in the future. When a hypothesis is put forward, the most difficult question arises, namely, how to verify it and how to conjecture the status of objective truth.

Instructions

If the existence of a phenomenon is expected, confirmation hypotheses a direct observation of this phenomenon will serve.

If the hypothesis is advanced by means of definitionsand formulas, give it a descriptive look. Translate the formula into the description of the alleged phenomenon. So you can confirm the hypothesis with the above-mentioned method of direct observation.

A hypothesis can be proved by deducing it fromsome more general position. If the suggested assumption is logically derived from some established truths, this will mean that the assumption is true.

In the forensic investigation, the method of exclusion is widely used. Build all possible hypotheses (versions), capable in one way or another to explainthe phenomenon under consideration. Check each of the hypotheses and show that they are all false except for one. From this, conclude that the remaining hypothesis is true. In most cases, it is difficult to be sure that all versions are considered. Therefore, one can not speak of truth hypotheses, but only about its probability. The conclusion in these cases will also be conjectural.

Tip 3: How to identify the object and subject of research

To prepare for any research, you need to go through several stages. But the most important thing that needs to be done is to identify the object and the subject of research.

Object and subject of research

Under the object of research is usually understoodrelations, connections, qualities and abilities of the object under study. Thus, an object is a collection of properties and relationships that exist independently of the researcher, but serve him as a definite field for activity. This turns the object of scientific research into a union of the objective and the subjective. The concept of an object is even narrower, more concrete in its content. It is in the subject of the study that the property of the object that is under investigation is concluded. The subject of research is rather a foreshortening, a point of view, allowing to consider certain aspects of the studied subject or phenomenon. Those. this is a specific aspect of the study of the object. Most often there is a target, substantial, operational, organizational and personal aspects. In one object there can be several subjects of study. The definition of the subject of research denotes the boundaries and directions of the search, puts the most important tasks and identifies the ways of their solution. Under the object of research, a certain part of the material and immaterial reality of the environment may be implied, such as physical bodies, living organisms, people, etc. And the object exists only in the consciousness of the researcher, i.e. he depends only on his knowledge and is their integral part.

Object and subject of research in various sciences

The objects of various studies areman and nature, which can be studied in various fields of science. Objects and objects of research can be tangible and intangible in their origin. The subject of study are the specific properties and qualities of various natural and social phenomena of life. Scientific disciplines study various areas of the object, for example, research in the theory of evolution or the systematization of data in a certain field of knowledge. In the study of society - this can be the study of objects of political, sociological or economic life. For example, in economic research, the object will be a science that studies economic processes and phenomena on a national scale, and the subject will be the growth rates of growth indicators, or, conversely, the reduction of any economic indicators. The subject may be the regions of the country, various spheres and sectors of the economy, etc.