Tip 1: Basic biological discoveries of the 20th century

The science

Tip 1: Basic biological discoveries of the 20th century

XX century was a century of change. Science and technology developed rapidly, discoveries were made, shedding light on the structure of the world. A lot of important studies that changed the view of man and what surrounds him was done in biology.

The main biological discoveries of the 20th century

DNA

Strictly speaking, DNA was discovered back in the 19th centuryFriedrich Mischer. However, at that time the young Swiss scientist did not understand the value of his discovery, the fact that the structure he discovered carries complete information about living objects. In detail, figured out later. In 1953, the English scientist Watson and Crick managed to understand the structure of the DNA molecule and to understand that information encrypted in it can be transmitted by inheritance. A major contribution to the discovery was made by Rosalyn Franklin, whose works and photographs of DNA helped Watson and Crick finish their work. The discovery of DNA had a huge impact on the natural sciences. The study of viruses and bacteria, the removal of crops from which more crops can be obtained, the receipt of medicines, the treatment of many diseases, the understanding of a number of evolutionary processes - after DNA decoding, new horizons opened up for scientists.

Watson organized the project "Human Genome", engaged in determining the sequence of nucleotides in the human genome. Also Watson became the first person whose DNA was decoded.

Immortality

Eternal life has long occupied the minds of people, but only inXX century in biology, the first steps were taken to study what is death, and whether there are ways to delay or even prevent this event altogether. Sydney Brenner first suggested that the cells are genetically programmed to die. In the course of his work, he singled out the first gene, which triggers the destruction of the cellular structure. Later, another scientist, Robert Horwitz, was able to discover two more genes that lead to cell suicide, as well as a gene that prevents this. In the 21st century, work continues in this direction. Scientists hope that further decoding of the genome will finally shed light on the mechanisms of aging and death and will allow to control these processes.

In 2002, for his discoveries, Sydney Brenner received the Nobel Prize.

Stem cells

Although the very term "stem cell" was born inearly XX century, scientists drew attention to them only in the nineties. Stem cells have an important property - they are able to turn into any other kind of cells. When transplantation, the main problem is to find a compatible organ, which after transplantation can still be torn away by the body. The use of stem cells will solve this problem, because a new heart or kidneys can be grown from the patient's cells. This organ will survive perfectly.

Council 2: 5 major discoveries of the 20th century

XX century went down in history thanks to a largenumber of important events. During these hundred years, two world wars took place, a man went into space, the state first announced the transition to a post-industrial society. All this would be impossible without appropriate discoveries in a wide range of areas of knowledge. They served as the impetus for further development.

The most important discoveries

The first serious discovery is penicillin. This molecule became the world's first antibiotic and saved lives for millions of people during the war. In 1928, biologist Alexander Fleming observed during the experiment that ordinary mold destroys bacteria. In 1938, two scientists who continued to work on the properties of penicillin, were able to distinguish its pure form, on the basis of which the substance was produced as a medicine. All this gave a tremendous impetus to medicine in research and the creation of new medicines, thanks to which doctors around the world can fight most diseases. The discovery of Max Planck was made, which explained to the whole scientific world how energy behaves inside the atom. On the basis of these data, Einstein created a quantum theory in 1905, and then Niels Bohr succeeded in creating the first model of the atom. This gave impetus to electronics, nuclear power, the development of chemistry and physics. All scientists in their discoveries used these data. Thanks to this discovery, the world has become so high-tech.

Discoveries recently evaluated

The third important discovery was made in 1936 by JohnKeynes. He developed a theory of self-regulation of market economy. His books and ideas put forward in them helped develop the economy and created a classical school, which is still taught in higher education universities. Thanks to his work, macroeconomics emerged as an independent science. The fourth important discovery was made in 1911 by Camerling-Oness. He first introduced the notion of superconductivity. This is a state in which some materials can have zero resistance to electricity. The contribution of this discovery is that, thanks to such materials, it became possible to create strong magnetic fields, which are needed to create conditions for numerous experiments. Due to the possibilities of conductivity, even now, transmission lines of much smaller dimensions are being created. Superconductors are part of most serious scientific equipment. The fifth discovery was made in 1985, when it was possible to detect ozone holes that arise in the atmosphere due to the release of a large amount of freons. The restoration of the ozone layer is very important to prevent the penetration of large amounts of solar radiation into the Earth. Reducing the amount of ozone affects the number of cancer diseases and the life of animals and plants. Thanks to this discovery, mankind has taken steps to reduce the emission of freons based on bromine and chlorine and the replacement of the substance with fluorine-containing freons. But most importantly, people thought about preserving the planet and how to avoid the destruction of the environment as a result of anthropogenic activities.

Tip 3: What are the biological sciences

Biology is a collection of sciences about living beings and their interaction with the environment. Three main sections of biology: botany, zoology and microbiology.

Botany and its disciplines

The first major biological science is botany. She studies plants. Botany is divided into a number of disciplines, which can also be considered biological. Algology studies algae. The anatomy of plants studies the structure of tissues and plant cells, and also by what laws these tissues develop. Bryology studies bryophyte plants, dendrology - woody. Karpology studies the seeds and fruits of plants. Lichenology is the science of lichens. Mycology - about mushrooms, mycogeorga - about their spread. Paleobotany is a section of botany that studies fossil remains of plants. Palynology studies pollen grains and plant spores. The science of plant taxonomy deals with their classification. Phytopathology studies various plant diseases caused by pathogenic and environmental factors. Floristics studies the flora, a set of plants, historically formed on a certain territory. The science of ethnobotany studies the interaction of people and plants. Geobotany - the science of the vegetation of the Earth, the plant communities - phytocenoses. Geography of plants studies the patterns of their distribution. The morphology of plants - the science of the laws of the structure of plants. Physiology of plants - the functional activity of plant organisms.

Zoology and microbiology

The second major section of biology is calledzoology, he studies animals. This section also has many of its disciplines. Acarology studies ticks. Physical anthropology is the science of the origin and evolution of human races. Apiology studies honey bees, arachnology - arachnids, helminthology - parasitic worms, herpetology - amphibians and reptiles. Ichthyology - the science of fish, carcinology - about crustaceans, ketology - about cetaceans, conchology - about mollusks, myrmecology - about ants, nematology - about roundworms, oology - about eggs of animals, ornithology - about birds. Paleozoology studies fossil remains of animals, plankton - plankton, primatology - primates, theriology - mammals, entomology - insects, protozoology - unicellular. Ethology is concerned with the study of animal instincts. The third major section of biology is microbiology. This science studies the living organisms invisible to the naked eye: bacteria, archaea, microscopic fungi and algae, viruses. Accordingly, there are also sections: virology, mycology, bacteriology, etc.

Tip 4: How to determine the biological age of a person

The methodology for determining the biological Age of there are quite a lot. All of them calculate how much the individual has worn out his body. These data can be used to determine the possible lifespan. Scientists noted that on average, a person can count on 90 biological years. Ie, if at 60 years someone has a biological age of 80, then, most likely, he will live no more than 6-7 years. But a 60-year-old with 35-year-old biological age can celebrate a century-old anniversary.

You will need

- a sheet of paper, pen, calculator;
- ruler;
- Stopwatch;
- Assistant.

Instructions

To calculate your biological age, you need to perform tests, add up the results and divide the sum by 7.

With two fingers, pinch the skin on the backbrush. Hold for 5 seconds and release. Mark how long your skin will return to normal. If this takes 5 seconds, then your biological age is 30 years. 8 seconds are needed for 40-year-olds, 10 - for 50-year-olds, 15 - for 60-year-olds.

The next test is for the reaction. Let your assistant take a 50-centimeter ruler. He must keep it upright, zero down. Your hand with your fingers apart should be 10 cm below its edge. Your assistant should unexpectedly release the ruler. If you catch it at a level of 20 cm, then you have 20 biological years. At the level of 25 cm - you are 30 years old. The indicator of 35 cm means that you are 40 years old, and 45 cm is 60 years old.

For the flexibility test, stand up straight, lightlySit down, bending your knees, and bend over. If you were able to put your hands on the floor - you are 20-30 years old, touched your fingers - 40 years, reached for the shins - 50 years, got only to the knees - for 60.

A very indicative test - on the abilityhold a balance. Stand up straight, close your eyes and alternately stand on your left and right foot, raising the other by 10 cm. Resisted for 30 seconds - your biological age is 20 years, 40 year olds keep their balance 20 seconds, 50 years old - 15, 60 years - 10 seconds and less.

For the next test, you need to measure your pulse. Then quickly sit down 30 times. After the exercise, listen to the pulse again. If he has increased by 10 blows and less - your age is 20 years, 10-20 blows - 30 years, 20-30 blows - 40 years, 30-40 blows - 50 years. If the pulse is accelerated by more than 40 beats, then you are 60 or more.

Stand upright, raise your right arm up andThrow it behind your back. Left, from below, try to reach it and connect hands to the lock at the level of the shoulder blades. If you succeed, your biological age is 20 years. They touched their fingertips - 30 years. Hands close, but do not touch - 40 years. Could not perform the exercise - you are over 60.

The last test is for sexual attraction. How many times a week or month does it visit you, and you implement it? 7 times a week - you are 20 years old, 6 times a month - 30 years, 4 times a month - 40 years, 2 times a month - 50 years, less than once a month - you 60 and more.