How is oil produced?
How is oil produced?
In today's world, oil is the main sourcefuel, its importance for the world economy can not be overemphasized. In ancient times, oil was so much that she freely seeping through the rocks, and people just collected it on the surface, now known deposits are exhausted one by one, and engineers to come up with puzzling ways to recover oil from the most inaccessible places.
Instructions
1
Oil accumulates in natural undergroundreservoirs, which are called oil fields. Such reservoirs are a porous rock, which is surrounded by impermeable rocks. The most common type of oil reservoir is a sandstone layer surrounded by clay rocks. Impermeable rocks do not allow oil to flow out of the porous reservoir. Usually not only oil is present in the reservoir, most often in the upper part of the rock there is gas, under it is oil, and in the lower layer water.
2
The first stage of oil production is geological prospecting. Modern geological exploration methods allow to determine the exact boundaries of the deposit, its composition and the amount of oil in it. Based on the data obtained in the course of exploration work, a decision is taken on the profitability of the development of the deposit and on the methods of extracting oil at a given location.
3
There are three main ways to extract oil fromdeposits - fountain, compressor and pumping. Each method involves drilling a well through which oil will be pumped from the reservoir. Wells can be of different thicknesses - from 10 centimeters to a meter - and of different depths. Very rarely oil lies at a depth of several tens of meters, at least now all those close to the surface of the field are exhausted. In Russia, oil wells have a depth of 1 to 5 kilometers.
4
The easiest way to produce oil is a fountain, herequires the least amount of equipment, but, unfortunately, is only available in some fields and only in the first stage of oil production, when the pressure in the oil tank is so high that oil spills out through the drilled well to the surface.
5
The most specific and expensive methodoil production is compressor, it consists in pumping air or gas into the oil reservoir under pressure: as a result of increasing the pressure in the reservoir, oil begins to surface. This method has a number of advantages - the absence of moving parts in the oil production facility, high efficiency, ease of management, but too high a price of equipment for this method makes it in many cases unprofitable.
6
The pumping method is the most common, with itsAbout 85% of oil is extracted. Oil in this case is delivered to the surface by means of various pumps, in each case a pump is selected that meets the requirements of this field.
