Tip 1: Who is Vasco de Gama

The science

Tip 1: Who is Vasco de Gama

Seafarers from Portugal first managedestablish a "regular communication" of Europe with India. However, the voyage was not easy, and finally Portugal (and hence Europe) was entrenched in the country of spices only after the second voyage of Vasco da Gama.

Vasco da Gama is a famous seafarer fromPortugal, which for the first time paved the sea route to India from Europe. By the beginning of the organization of his first expedition, the Portuguese had already explored the access to the Indian Ocean through the southern extremity of Africa, but could not go any farther. Vasco da Gama was the first to reach the Indian coast; thus, he paved the way to the eastern spices and other goods of the eastern countries, initiating their colonization by Europeans.

First trip to India

The future navigator was born between the 1460s and1469th years in Sinish. Vasco before Gama came from a well-known noble family and grew up, as they say now, in a wealthy family - his father was the judge, the ruler of two cities at once: Sinesha and Silves. From his youth, Vasco da Gama was engaged in naval work and managed to excel in military operations against the French. Partly because of this, King Manuel l suggested that he pave the way across the Indian Ocean to India, which was then considered a country rich in spices and gold. In 1497, on July 7th, the seafarer in the squadron (4 ships) sailed from the port of Lisbon. By November, he had already rounded the African Cape of Good Hope. At the parking lot, the captain had to flood the transport that had become unusable, - there were three ships left. Further stop is at the port of Mozambique. Here the sailors nearly perished - the local sheikh (from the Arabs) tried to attack the "infidels". Similarly, they met sailors in another port - Mombasa. However, for the third time the Portuguese were lucky - the ruler of the third city, Malindi, was a ruler who needed allies and was at loggerheads with the sheikhs of Mozambique and Mombasa. The sailors were given provisions and provided a pilot who had already sailed to India. In the Indian city of Kalikut, Vasco da Gama fell on May 28, 1948. At first he was met with honors, however, according to the slander of the Arabs, who saw competitors in Europe, the Portuguese began to feel worse. As a result, he was forced to leave home.

The Second Journey

This time the king sent twenty ships,which was headed by Vasco da Gama. The expedition sailed in 1502, on the 10th of February. On the way, the sailor destroyed the Arab vessels, acting resolutely, cruelly. Arriving in Calicut (present-day Calcutta), the Portuguese ordered to fire at the city. The local ruler fled; - his attempt to break the fleet Vasco da Gama with the help of the Arabs failed. As a result of the second voyage Vasco da Gama successfully returned home, laden with spices and other goods from the East. In the future, the brave Portuguese advised his monarch on how best to colonize India. For a while, Portugal was the complete mistress of the Indian Ocean. However, later her positions were lost, and Britain was taken over by Britain.

Tip 2: Who Discovered India

The mysterious territory of India for centuriesexcited the minds of seafarers, who represented her and the mainland and an island full of riches. Described fragmentary, far from "seaworthy" England, Spain and Russia, India remained unknown until the 15th century.

In search of the sea route

Among the countries that began to seek seaAfrica and India, were Portugal and Spain. Italian port cities played a dominant role in trade with the countries of North-West Europe. Merchant ships crossed the Mediterranean Sea and through the Strait of Gibraltar moved strictly north, skirting the Pyrrhina Peninsula. The Mediterranean Sea was monopolized by the Italians, and the ships of Portugal did not have access to the cities of northern Africa. Since the 14th century, Portuguese and Spanish port cities have acquired special significance. There was a rapid development of trade, new seaports were needed to expand ties. The ships began to enter the cities for transshipment of goods and for replenishment of provisions and water. But to master the new sea routes, Portugal could only in the direction of the Atlantic Ocean, since in the eastern direction all the routes were under the control of Italy. The Iberian peninsula occupied an advantageous geographical position and was convenient for sending ships to new expeditions. In 1415, the Portuguese conquered the Moroccan port of Ceuti, which was on the southern tip of the Strait of Gibraltar. This port became the "starting point" for the construction of new sea routes along the west coast of Africa.

At the Cape of Good Hope

Expedition of the Portuguese Admiral BartalomeoDiash in 1488 reached the southernmost point of Africa - the Cape of Good Hope. Having rounded the cape, the admiral hoped to go along the eastern coast of Africa, but a cruel storm patted the ship of the admiral, and on the ship itself the sailors mutinied. The Admiral was forced to turn to the house. Arriving in Lisbon, he managed to convince that the road to India is. By the summer of 1497, a flotilla of four ships had been equipped, which, under the direction of Vasco da Gama, went to explore the sea route to India. Bending around the Cape of Good Hope, the flotilla lost one ship. The expedition continued its journey along the eastern coast of Africa and, having entered the port of Malindi, received from the local ruler an experienced pilot who led the ships to the Indian coasts. On May 20, 1498, the ships led by Vaska da Gama entered the Indian port of Calicut.

The flight that changed the world

Relations between the Portuguese and the local population are nothave developed so much that Vasco da Gama was forced to bring ships into the open ocean in a hurry. The road home was full of difficulties and privations. Only in September 1498 Vasco da Gama returned to Lisbon with the remnants of the flotilla, but the sea route to India, discovered by the Portuguese Vasco da Gama, changed much in the world. A year later, 13 ships sailed the ocean towards India.

Tip 3: What is a Chinese apple

China is considered the birthplace of oranges. Translated from the Dutch language, the word "orange" means "Chinese apple". In Europe, sweet oranges fell only at the beginning of the XV century and quickly won incredible popularity.

Instructions

From China, oranges fell into India and the MiddleEast. In 1498, Vasco da Gama arrived in Mombasa, where he was presented with a local sultan a variety of fruits, including large sweet oranges. Return Vasco da Gama to Europe marked the beginning of the craze for citrus. The construction of greenhouses began everywhere, where they cultivated "golden apples", formerly known by myths and legends about the gardens of the Hesperides. The word "greenhouse" itself came from the French name of this fruit. The French borrowed the Arabic word nareng, which means "orange", got rid of the first consonant and got the word orange, which has become firmly entrenched in many languages of the world, as the name of fruit or color.

Another name for oranges or "Chinese apples"is potrogalo, it is most likely associated with the Portuguese sea voyages to Southeast Asia and India, from where they delivered these fruits. In Turkey, Iraq and Iran, oranges are called "portals", Georgians use a similar "portohali". To America, oranges during his fourth voyage brought Christopher Columbus, in Russia, these fruits appeared for the first time only in 1714.

There are three kinds of oranges. The first include oranges "brought" or "umbilical", they are quite thick skinned and lack of grains. Their flesh crackles a little, while very fragrant, sweet and juicy. The fruits are large, brightly colored.

The second species is light oranges, they possesslight orange pulp with a small number of grains. They are more juicy and fragrant than umbilical oranges, but more acidic. They mature quite late.

To the third kind of oranges it is customary to referred or "korolki." They are colored in an intense red color, which is caused by an excess of pigments, have a very sweet musky taste. This kind of oranges is smaller than others, has a thin skin and a strong aroma. Red oranges ripen very late.

In the peel of an orange contains a huge amountEssential oils, which allow you to get rid of apathy, excitement and stress. They normalize sleep and blood pressure. That is why aromatherapists recommend taking baths with this essential oil to depressed people.