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English naturalist Charles Darwin in his book"The Origin of Species by Natural Selection" (1859) summarized the numerous statements of 18th-century scientists on the evolutionary theory of the origin of mankind. The main principles of Darwinism are the four factors of evolution: - hereditary variability - the transfer of the genetic code through generations, the emergence of differences in subsequent crosses of different species - the struggle for existence - the development of the ability to adapt to a changing environment - natural selection - an increase in the number of individuals with the most developed fitness to the environment - isolation - reproduction of the species within the range of habitat.

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According to Darwinism, man came fromAnthropoid ancestors - anthropoid apes - by gradual modification. The constant variability and danger of the environment forced the higher primates to learn to adapt: ​​walk straight, defend themselves against wild animals with a stick or stone, use them as tools, etc. As a confirmation of Darwin's theory, archaeological excavations, research in the field of genetics, and others are offered. However, some anthropologists (for example, BF Porshnev) questioned the development of man based on the need for work. Many monkeys are now able to handle sticks and cutlery, but they do not turn into people. There remain questions without answers, which allows scientists to continue to reflect.

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According to the theory of creationism (from Lat. creatio - creation), man was created by the higher reason - God. Each religion has its own variants of the creation of the world. The most common is the Christian theory, when God created heaven and earth in a few days, and then the first man, Adam. That he was not bored, God created Eve - the first woman. The theory of divine creation has no scientific proof, since it can not be confirmed by experiment. Some theologians recognize evolution according to Darwin, but insist that everything was the will of the Creator. Other Darwinism is completely denied, using as evidence to the fact that the person from all animals is distinguished by the presence of the soul and non-standard thinking, which could not develop in the process of evolution - they were laid down from the very beginning by the higher being.

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If we consider the theory of human creationthe higher reason without religious background, the following theory arises: external interference. Its adherents believe that aliens as an experiment populated the earth by people and periodically come to look at their creation. As a confirmation, UFO research is used, supposedly civilizations from other planets send humanity signs in the form of large-scale drawings on the ground, etc.

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There are still disputes about the existence ofAtlantis - a sunken state, created by the same aliens, and then destroyed because of permanent disruptions in the planned human development program. All occurring cataclysms are attributed to the higher mind as warning signs: we will do the same with you, if you do not understand the meaning of your existence. Some scientists believe that the inventions of Leonardo da Vinci were suggested to him by extraterrestrial beings. According to the theory of external intervention, the Egyptian pyramids, the Grand Canyon in America and other miracles were also made by the higher mind. Ancient man was simply not capable of such a thing.

Tip 2: Where did the phraseology "jagged mittens" come from?

Probably, each person heard such expression"Take in the gloves of the horns." The meaning of this phraseology is clear - to treat someone very strictly, not to give any indulgence. Immediately appears such a picture: the hedgehog is taken and mittens are sewn from his hide, with needles outside. Of course, it will be very unpleasant if someone starts to touch such mittens. So where did this conventional expression come from and why do we need "iron grips".

In the old days in the barns and cellars of apartment buildingsMice were often started. Previously, not only cats, but also hedgehogs were used to combat rodents. It's only in cartoons that hedgehogs eat apples and mushrooms, in fact they are predatory animals that lead a nocturnal life, eating small lizards, insects and mice. To lure a prickly predator into the house was extremely problematic: how to catch this cute prickly creature with your bare hands? It was for this purpose used working leather gloves - "golitsy."

Golitsy sewed from very thick skin without lining. In such mittens it was possible to easily take a prickly hedgehog and take it to your barn, and then, as soon as the hedgehog fulfills its purpose, release it to freedom.

However, philologists believe that phraseology"To keep in the gloves of mittens" appeared in Russia much later. In the XVIII century in dictionaries was recorded a little-known now proverb: "Ezhovymi mittens and a soft body to take." Here, this expression takes a completely different meaning, which has nothing to do with hedgehog-mouser. This expression can be found in various works of Russian classical literature, where it means "strictly, without indulgences and indulgences".

New life in this ancient expression inhaled30-ies of the XX century, when the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs was appointed Nikolai Ivanovich Yezhov, who went down in history under the nickname "Iron People's Commissar". He became a symbol of brutal repression and great terror. In connection with Yezhov's activity, the people once again remembered the "javelin gloves", the more so the artist Efimov drew a poster on which the People's Commissar holds a monster in prickly mittens, personifying the enemies of the regime.

So massively hedgehogs no one killed, thorny mittens from them did not sew and they did not miss anyone by the throat.