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Concept of the style of speech

Speech styles serve any sphereshuman life, and therefore each style is distinguished by two features: the sphere of communication and the purpose of communication. Style is a historically established system of linguistic means and ways of organizing them, which is used in a certain sphere of human communication (social life): the sphere of science, official business relations, agitational-mass activity, verbal and artistic creativity, the sphere of everyday communication. In Russian there are five styles of speech: conversational; art; journalistic; officially-business; scientific. In general, all the styles of speech can be divided into two large groups: conversational style on the one hand and book styles of speech (artistic, journalistic, official-business, scientific) - on the other. All the styles of the Russian language are characterized by their basic functions, leading style features and language features.

Conversational style

Conversational style is appropriate for informalcommunication, because its purpose is to communicate between people. Since during the conversation speech is not prepared in advance, the characteristic features of this style is the incompleteness of expressed thought and emotionality. In different epochs, the colloquial style had its own lexical and grammatical features, and the culture of speaking can be used to judge the general level of culture of individuals, a social group or the nation as a whole. The basic language of conversation is neutral means of language, that is, words used in all types of speech: family, go, lunch, etc. A smaller percentage are spoken words (bryaknut, dormitory), vernaculars (nowadays, just now) and jargon (kid, grandmother). The peculiarity of the syntactic construction of the colloquial style is the use of mostly incomplete sentences (Natasha is home, he is behind it.). In addition, gestures and facial expressions play an important role, replacing some of the information that could be expressed in words.

Book styles

Among the books there are four styles of speech.Scientific style is used in the sphere of scientific activity and is realized, as a rule, in dissertations, course, control and diploma works. The main feature of this style is the consistency, clarity and absence of any emotion on the author's part. The publicistic style is used not only for the purpose of conveying this or that information, but also for the purpose of influencing the feelings and thoughts of listeners or readers. It is typical for speeches at various meetings, newspaper articles, analytical and information programs. The publicistic style is characterized by emotionality and expressiveness. The official and business style is characterized by the lack of emotionality of presentation, standard and conservatism. It is used when writing laws, orders, and various legal documents. The standard of writing is expressed in the writing of these documents according to the established pattern - the template. Artistic style differs from other book styles in that when writing their works the author can use almost any of the above listed styles. And since literature reflects all spheres of human life, then here are used and vernaculars, and dialects, and slang speech.

Actually scientific style of speech

Most research monographs andsolid scientific articles refer to the actual scientific style. The peculiarity of this genre is that such texts, as a rule, are written by professional scientists for the same specialists. Such academic style is very often found in scientific works devoted to one issue, as well as in small-sized works, where the author cites the results of scientific research. The texts written in the proper scientific style are distinguished by the accuracy of the presentation, the verified logical constructions, the abundance of generalized terms and abstract concepts. The standard academic text compiled in this genre has a strict structural composition, which includes the title, introductory and main parts, conclusions and conclusion.

Scientific-informative genre of scientific style

The secondary form of the scientific style of speech is considered to bescientific and informative genre. It, as a rule, is based on some basic, basic text. The basis for this often takes the original monographs or articles. An example of texts performed in the scientific and informative genre can serve as abstracts, abstracts or abstracts. A scientifically-informative text is a creatively revised exposition of the primary material that completely coincides with it in meaning. However, it does not contain all, but only basic information, only the most essential information about the subject. To write works in a similar genre requires the ability to work with scientific literature, evaluate sources and without distortion to transmit their content in a condensed form.

Other genres of scientific style of speech

In one large group, linguistic experts oftenunite the texts of scientific-reference, educational, scientific and popular science genres. These directions are characterized by the orientation of the information not so much to specialists as to those who are far from the specifics of the subject placed in the publication center. Important in this case are not only the results of scientific research, but also the form of submission of information. In the educational and scientific genre, textbooks and lecture texts are most often written. The scientific and reference genre, which is extremely clear and concise, is characteristic of reference books, scientific dictionaries, encyclopedias and catalogs. The texts compiled in the popular science genre are less tied to special terminology. They are often used in books designed for a mass audience, as well as in television and radio broadcasts covering scientific topics.