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Instructions

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Modern ecology uses achievements andmethods of almost all sciences (exact, social, humanitarian), it has become a truly integral science. The reason for such a large branching of the ecology is that there is a huge variety of objects of its study and their complexity. The study of ecology requires an integrated approach that will ensure the consideration of practical problems related to the protection of the human environment.

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The unifying center of ecology is global ecology- a science that systematically studies and predicts the state of the Earth and its biosphere and ensures the most harmonious relations between mankind and the environment.

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Environmental activities at the present timeit is one of the necessary components of any field of activity: industrial production, energy, agriculture, military affairs, transport, scientific research, culture and even religion. Any kind of environmental activity is observed by competent authorities, in Russia these functions are performed by state environmental supervision.

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In addition, a set of environmental problems,which arose due to modern social development, caused the emergence of a number of social and political movements that oppose the pollution of the environment and the significant negative consequences of scientific and technological progress. They also play their role in the fight against violations in the field of ecology.

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At the moment, the most diversedirections of research in the field of ecology, their goal is to pass on to the specialists the environmental information necessary for decision-making, this applies to all spheres of human activity. By now about 90 directions of various ecological researches have been formed, they can be conditionally divided on priority, social and economic importance, branch affiliation.

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The main goal of modern ecology is to preventglobal environmental crisis and ensure the transition to a path of stable, sustainable development, which will provide an opportunity to meet the life needs of both current and future generations.

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Ecology issues are being addressed by thevarious specialists, from philosophers to mathematicians. This is called the ecologization of modern science: no innovative solution is adopted without predicting the impact of this solution on the ecological environment. However, a truly stable environmental situation can be achieved only if we approach the solution of emerging problems competently, professionally, responsibly, taking into account all the rules and laws on which nature lives and develops.

Tip 2: Modern Ecology as a Science

Ecology is the science of the relationship betweenliving organisms and the environment. This term was first proposed by the famous German biologist Ernst Haeckel in the work "The general morphology of organisms."

Instructions

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To date, the word ecology has muchmore broadly than in the early years of its existence. Now this term is used, first of all, as the main link of issues related to the environment. In many ways, such a shift of concepts occurred because of the harmful influence of man on nature. However, it is necessary to divide the ecology as a science and ecology as measures to combat negative environmental impacts.

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The complexity of defining scientific ecology is related touncertainty of the boundaries of other disciplines and their adjacent areas. Moreover, the unsettled ideas about the structure of this science have a big impact. Also, the difficulties arise because of the differences in the terminology of biologists studying plants, and biologists studying animals, because it is the environment that is called upon to unite their works.

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The object of research of ecology is mainlyare systems above the level of one organism: ecosystems, biocenoses, populations, and absolutely the entire biosphere. The subject of the study is the functioning and organization of these systems. At the same time, the main task of ecology is highlighted: the need to develop principles for the rational use of available natural resources on the basis of general patterns of organization of living beings.

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All methods of study are divided into three largegroup. The first group includes so-called "field" methods: observations of the vital activity of organisms in their native habitats. The second group is called "experimental", and various experiments conducted under stationary conditions are included there. For example, the identification of the influence of various variable factors on organisms. The third group is "modeling", that is creation of simplified systems of mutual relations of living beings.

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In the history of ecology there are five stages: antiquity, modern times, the first half of the nineteenth century, ecology after Darwin and Haeckel and the modern era. As you can see, people have long since tried to find patterns of interaction between different living beings. There are many ancient works devoted to the domestication of animals or their struggle for disputed territories.

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Modern science is mainly concerned withoptimization of human activities related to the use of natural resources. New methods of use are being studied, control stations and regulatory acts are being developed. Everything is done to ensure the harmonious existence of all life on the planet.