Tip 1: Why there was a religion
Tip 1: Why there was a religion
Religious beliefs are inherent in human society for many millennia. Disputes about the time and reasons for the emergence of religion have lasted for more than one century and have not abated to the present day.
The Christian theory of the origin of religionis set forth in the Bible. Before the fall, the first people lived in paradise, therefore all knowledge of God for man is natural and akin to knowledge of the world. All atheistic theories of the emergence of religion can be divided into two groups. One of them is the teaching that the emergence of religion was facilitated by objective reasons, and to the other by theories that believe that religion existed always, although it is a greaterror. In the era of enlightenment, an educational theory emerged of the emergence of religion, according to which the root cause of the emergence of a religious outlook is fear, ignorance and deceit. "Fear is embedded in human nature," the French Enlighteners Diderot, Helvetius, and Holbach asserted. Therefore, there are always those who play on this emotion and, inventing various terrible fables, influence the imagination and psyche of a person. At the beginning of the XIX century, the German philosopher Feuerbach advanced a theory in which he explained the origin of religion by the essence of man. "The mystery of theology is anthropology," wrote Feuerbach. A person does not know himself at all, does not understand his nature, and therefore gives them the status of independent existence. He saw the divine essence in the ideal, purified and devoid of individuality of the human essence. In Marxist theory, emphasis is placed not on deceiving a person by man, but on self-deception. Man, according to K. Marx, can not explain the phenomena of nature and the world, because it is hammered and crushed by social relations. Supporters of Marxist theory connect the emergence of religion with the emergence of a class society in which the oppression of the main masses led to the emergence of a religious worldview. Many scientists, adherents of different teachings, believe that there was a "pre-religious period" in the history of mankind, during which there were no religious beliefs. But the existence of this concept does not explain the reasons for the emergence of religion in the future. In the twentieth century a theory of pronometeism appeared. It states that before the pagan polytheism (the worship of several gods) there was a period of monotheism (faith in one God). Based on studies of ethnographers, the Scottish scientist E. Lang put forward the concept that religion accompanies a person on all his path. And in all the diversity of existing religious beliefs there are common roots or echoes of the ancient faith in one God. This theory was developed by W. Schmidt, a Catholic priest, ethnologist and linguist, founder of the Vienna Ethnological School, in his work "The Origin of the Idea of God."
Tip 2: Why did science arise
Science is a special, unique kind ofCognitive activity, peculiar only to man. Science is aimed at obtaining and disseminating objective, grounded and proven knowledge about the material and intangible world. The exact time of the emergence of science as such is unknown, but the causes of its emergence can be traced in the history of mankind itself.
The basis of scientific activity is collectionFacts, as well as their constant updating, systematization and the derivation through the analysis of new scientific knowledge. The emergence and development of science has become part of the overall development of the human mind as a survival mechanism. Man initially did not have any external data to gain dominance in the food chain, and he did not have the ability to quickly adapt to changes in the environment. However, through reason, people were able to learn to change environmental conditions to the extent that they needed it. And science in this process played a huge role. The main reason for the emergence of science was the formation of a person's thinking, aimed at establishing subject-object relations between a person and his environment. The first step to scientific knowledge was the understanding by man of the fact that "everything is not just in this world". Awareness of the interconnectedness of external and internal processes stimulated not only the accumulation of knowledge, but also their objective analysis, which ultimately led to the emergence of a world outlook (philosophy and religion) and then science. Historically, this was due to the transition of mankind from gathering to producing economy. The need to improve production, both quantitatively and qualitatively, led to the search for new solutions, and decisions were made based on the systematization and analysis of accumulated knowledge and experience. In parallel with the development of science, such processes as the formation of human speech, writing, and counting arose and evolved. An important step was the emergence of art - a unique form of over-biological activity, expressed in creativity, that is, in achieving benefits that were not necessary from a biological point of view. All these achievements predetermined the future of man's supremacy on the planet. The ever-growing volume of accumulated information about the structure of the surrounding and inner world, the emergence of new methods of cognition, the realization of the physical impossibility to know absolutely everything led ultimately to the branch division of science, and at the same time to the emergence of the first people whose primary occupation was precisely the science of carriers knowledge, scientists. Initially, the bearers of knowledge were the ministers of religious cults, but later science separated from religion, which later led to their hidden confrontation, most vividly expressed in the Middle Ages. Today science is developing very rapidly, every year new discoveries are being made that transform people's lives.
Tip 3: Why did Christianity arise?
Christianity is the largest (according to the number of adherents)world religion. The number of people who consider themselves Christians and more or less strictly adhering to religious canons, today exceeds two billion people. Why did Christianity arise?
Of course, for people who adhere tomaterialistic views, no, and there can be absolutely no exact answer to this question. It is known that Christianity originated in the Middle East, in the 1st century AD. The place of its emergence was the province of Judea, then under the Roman Empire. Subsequently, it quickly spread to other areas of the Empire, including Rome itself. Why did it originate in Judea? The most probable reason is that the origins of the Christian teaching are closely related to Judaism. Jesus Christ himself, according to church canons, is of Jewish origin, like the Apostles, and his first adherents. Christ was brought up in accordance with the canons of Old Testament Judaism. He was circumcised, visited the synagogue on Saturdays (a sacred day for the Jews). But there is another, very serious reason. Christianity was born in the heyday of the power of the Roman Empire. She achieved such power and influence that it seemed that her unshakable power in the conquered provinces had become firmly established. Any attempt to resist the Roman authorities was useless, ruthlessly suppressed and led only to greater misfortunes, humiliation and oppression. The inhabitants of Judea also learned this truth on their own experience. Many people who sincerely did not understand how this can happen at all and why their god Yahweh turned away from his people, this led to despair. Therefore, it is not surprising that the basic postulates of Christianity, stating that the one who unfairly suffers in earthly life, suffers torment and humiliation, will subsequently receive a reward in the afterlife, and his oppressors and offenders will be doomed to eternal torment, find a blessed response in hearts Many people. For the same reason, Christianity quickly gained many adherents among the population of other provinces, under the yoke of Rome. And later - among the Roman slaves, the number of which was simply enormous. It is not more natural that people who were completely subordinate to their masters (often coarse, cruel, even inhuman), who endure beatings and humiliations, consoled themselves with the thought: now it's bad for us, unbearably hard, but after death everyone will be rewarded according to their merits, we will get into Paradise, and our tormentors - to hell. Such a religion gave them hope and strength to endure the bitterness of their situation.
Tip 4: Why there are wars
The true causes leading to the emergence ofRuthless wars in different parts of our vast planet, are very diverse and, as a rule, carefully hidden from ordinary people. But the consequences of ruthless battles are always equally deplorable and destructive.
Not yet War, which would have passed without human losses andTribulation. Everyone knows that brutal military actions always bring irreparable losses to any state and its people, regardless of whether the attacker is a side or a defending one. But are there any weighty reasons for all the victims, to which the commanders and rulers of states go, pursuing illusory goals? Turning to the sad pages of history, let's try to identify the main motives of the militant parties to start bloodshed. More than four centuries ago in France, civilians flared up one after another War. The fierce battles between the FrenchCatholics, who at that time constituted the majority of the country's population, and Protestants, who were in the minority. The "apple of discord" of those battles was religion. Different views on religion and in our days remain an actual occasion for a dispute between followers of different religions. And in the previous centuries, when the church had almost unlimited power, this motive was one of the fundamental factors War. Reasons and grounds for the Trojan War are still contradictory. According to one version, the Trojan was provoked by the Paris Trojan. According to numerous myths and legends, he kidnapped the wife of the Greek king Menelaus. For this the Greeks decided to take revenge on the Trojans. Having gathered a great army, they sailed under Troy to set foot on the path War. Very many military battles were initiatedTerritorial sections. Organized armed violence was set up many times by the sovereigns, wishing to increase the vastness of the state and replenish its treasury. An excellent example of battles for the territory is the Livonian War, which broke out in 1558 and lasted for 25 years. The battle was fought over the territory of the Baltic, then belonging to the Livonian Order. The reasons for the emergence of wars in our time are, more often than not, geopolitical in nature. Developed powers under the guise of observing the norms of world law by force expand their spheres of influence. Also, the basis for conducting modern local wars is the desire to control the extraction of strategic natural resources, such as oil, gas, rare metals.
