Tip 1: Why the Russian language has changed

Culture and Society

Tip 1: Why the Russian language has changed

For the last hundred years the great and mighty Russian language has undergone many changes. And you can not say that these changes are for the better. In a speech, too often slang sounds, which pushes to the periphery a literary and even simply literate conversational style. The reason for significant changes in languagee, in the first place, are changes in people's way of life

Technical progress and social change are makinga significant contribution to vocabulary. As there are new objects and concepts that require their designation. But this does not explain the "dying" of the original culture and the wealth of the Russian languagea.Representatives of the older generation still retain in their everyday life more literary speech, because they grew up in an environment saturated with it. But young people, many of whom "live" on the Internet, transfer his specific slang into real life. Beautiful fiction and, even more so, classics, outside the curriculum, are not read by everyone. And if you consider that parents at home communicate, too, not at all literary languagee, it turns out that the basis for correct speech is simply absent. Steel is very popular borrowing from English languagea. And in the everyday life are taken not only some specific words, which is difficult to find an analogue in Russian. But even the most usual ones are replaced, for example, instead of the word "sister" it is now fashionable to say "sister" (English sister - sister). Young people prefer to communicate in slang, in every possible way distort and change speech, paying tribute to modern fashion. Spontaneous forms of words replace literary. Even writers and journalists do not always try to keep the style. It is interesting to write about the reasons for the change in speech in the book "Manipulation by Consciousness", S.Kara-Murza, 2009. He notices "washout" from languagebut "roots", i.e. words containing a root and a set of related single-root concepts. But it is the roots that allow us to grasp the connection between words with different meanings. At the same time, "words-amoeba" are introduced into the everyday life, the origin of which is incomprehensible, but they quickly spread and become international. Russian language very rich in words and expressions, each ofwhich seem to mean the same thing, but carries its own special connotation of meaning. However, without reading classical literature, there is simply nowhere to take all this wealth. In addition, it is much easier to remember one expression than several. After all, modern life is very fast and dynamic. This, too, postpones its own imprint. People are used to talking, not really thinking about the correctness of uttering words and conveying the semantic nuances. As it is sad, but Russian language really is going through a crisis now. But, of course, not everything is lost and I would like to hope that people will return to the correct conversation. Journalists and writers will remember the styles, schoolchildren and students will begin to read and talk more in Russian languagee, and not on slang and jargon.

Tip 2: How the Russian language has changed

Any language is a dynamic phenomenon. Dictionaries and reference books do not fix the rules of its use forever, but only fix the norms of use at a certain stage. The Russian language is no exception. Today you practically do not understand the texts of the written monuments of the 11th century, you will hardly and completely disassemble the correspondence of Pushkin's contemporaries, even the speech of your great-grandmother would raise questions for you.

Today, such a Russian alphabet is studied only by lovers of antiquity.

Instructions

The vocabulary most actively changes in Russian. Words are borrowed from dialects, professional dictionaries, foreign dialects. Most often this is due to the appearance of some concepts. So in speech most recently came "merchandisers" and "headhunters." At the same time other words die or mutate. Usually this happens when the thing that it denotes disappears in nonexistence, or a synonym arises. The scientists invented a clever device for calculations - and instead of a long "electronic computer" a short "computer" soon entered the language. And if even earlier "fingers" and "cheeks" were changed by "fingers" and "cheeks". The expansion of the commonly used vocabulary vividly characterizes society. For example, in the 1990s a lot of criminal vocabulary appeared in the Russian language: "botning", "rolling back", etc.

Changes in spelling are fixed in severalreforms. The first was held by Peter I, eliminating from the alphabet repeated or unused letters. And a few simplified the writing. In 1917-1918, a few more obsolete letters were deleted from the Russian alphabet: yat, phyto, and decimal. and also canceled the binding of the solid sign on the end of words and parts of complex words. In 1934, the alphabet was returned to the "i", in 1942 - "e". And before in the dictionaries they wrote like this: iodine, yog, yorkshire.

Noticeable has changed over the past ten centuries and grammarRussian language. For example, 600 years ago there was no dual number - a special form of noun formation, when it came to a couple of things or phenomena. It is reminded of the plural forms of certain words: the ear is the ears (and not the ears, as would be the case with the usual plural). Another loss is the vocative. Memory of him is kept by prayers ("Our Father ...") and folklore monuments ("son", "mother"). True, in fact, he continues to exist in modern Russian: "Mom! Dad! "- scream children instead of a full" mom "and" dad. " In addition, before the Russian verbs had four types of past tense with special meanings.

Tip 3: Why do people learn Russian?

Even in the times of the USSR schoolchildren diligentlymemorized the lines of Mayakovsky: "I would learn Russian only for what Lenin was talking to them!" The USSR now belongs to history (as well as the aforementioned reason for interest in the Russian language). For what reason do people who are not native learn the Russian language?

First, because it is one of the mostcommon world languages. A very large number of people speak it. Although the sphere of distribution and use of the Russian language has somewhat decreased (precisely because of the aforementioned collapse of the USSR and the resulting consequences), it continues to be one of the five UN working languages (along with English, French, Spanish and Chinese). Secondly, because for some residents of the near abroad - citizens of the former union republics that have now become sovereign states, this is simply necessary. Some of them come to work in Russia, have relatives, friends, acquaintances here. Knowledge of the Russian language is absolutely necessary for them both for work and for everyday, everyday communication. Thirdly, some residents of the far abroad have a genuine interest in Russia. For them, it is primarily the personification of the rich heritage of Russian classical art. A little educated, a cultured person, wherever he lived, he must have heard of Tolstoy, Chekhov, Stanislavsky, Tchaikovsky, Prokofiev. It is quite natural to strive to learn the language in which these brilliant people, left a bright trace in the world of art.Fourth, the processes of global globalization have not bypassed Russia either. In Russia, many branches of foreign companies and companies are open, new joint ventures arise. In many cases, foreigners either head such companies, or are part of the management. And for a successful production process and sales, managers simply need to keep abreast of all matters, communicate with their subordinates, and delve into all the subtleties. You can, of course, resort to the help of qualified translators, but still it's not the same. Finally, fifthly, simply because Russia, despite all the difficulties it experienced, was and will be a great power with which to reckon. This is the largest country in the world, endowed with the richest natural resources, possessing the second nuclear deterrence potential. She will not allow anyone to talk to herself in the language of power. It is necessary to find mutual understanding with it, reasonable compromises. And for this it is very useful to know the Russian language.

Tip 4: How to translate opera into Russian

When copying a browser distribution withofficial site sometimes there is an error at which the English version is being downloaded. If the installation file to be copied includes support for international Languages, the browser can be localized (install Russification).

You will need

Software Opera.

Instructions

If for any reason you downloaded the browser withEnglish interface, you can change its settings or try to download the same distribution through another browser. The latter option is perfect for those who have a high-speed connection. Go to the following link http://www.opera.com, select the "Opera for PC" section and click the "Download version ..." button.

If you do not want to produce a large numberinstallation files on your computer, use the change of the current settings of the running application. In the main window, click the top menu "Tools" or press the button with the letter "O". Then select "General Settings" from the drop-down list.

The "General" tab appears before you. Go to the "Choose Languagesth preferences ... ". Open the list, select the "Russian" line and click "OK" button to save the changes.

For older versions, which can no longer be downloaded from the official site, it is necessary to copy additional Languagespackage at the following link http://www.opera.com/download/languagefiles.

If you updated your browser and the previous version waslocalized, then the task is slightly simplified. Most likely, the files of the older version will perfectly suck in the new product. Open Windows Explorer and navigate to the following path: C: Program FilesOperalocale. Copy the folder named ru and paste it into the same directory as the new version.

Launch the "fresh browser" and press the combinationkeys Ctrl + F12. In the settings window that opens, click the Details button, which is located opposite the Language drop-down list. In the window that appears, specify the path to the folder with the Russification and click "OK".

Tip 5: Why all the ancient languages are more complex than modern languages

Language is peculiar to change. Centuries pass, civilizations are born and perish, many realities of life arise and disappear. The language responds to this, accepts or rejects words, phrases, idioms, idioms. He is constantly changing, as are the people who speak it.

Language as a way of conveying information

It's hard to say why modern language seemswe are simpler than what was in antiquity. The law of dialectics says that everything goes from simple to complex, and here the opposite situation is observed. In linguistics, especially the part about ancient languages, it is difficult to talk about something with complete certainty. We can only offer some hypotheses. And that's what science says.

Theory of a large language explosion

According to one theory, the language arose practicallyinstantly. There was a kind of linguistic Big Bang, similar to the one that gave birth to the universe. And this leads to certain conclusions and reasonable assumptions. At first, there was chaos, then concepts appeared, then they put on words - and the language appeared.

At first, there was chaos, then concepts appeared, then they put on words - and language appeared.

In the beginning, our universe was only a clotenergy. There was an infinite number of elementary particles in it. They were not even atoms, but quanta or something more subtle. Gradually formed the first atoms, and then there were planets and galaxies. Everything came into balance, got its shape. So in the language, at first there was chaos. Every word that has not yet fully formed has many meanings, according to the context. There were endings that are not available now. Remember the Russian "yat". As a result, it turned out to be a huge challenge. But gradually everything was streamlined, the language passed the stage of formation, became more orderly and logical. Everything that was superfluous was cut off from him. And it has become as it is now. Has a clear structure, rules, phonetics and so on.

What kind of people is that and the language

According to another version, the language was simplified becauseman has become estranged from nature. If earlier every detail seemed significant, behind any bush sat on the wood, and in the house according to the house, now everything is different. Today's realities make from language not just a work of art, capable of describing all the subtleties of a miraculous world, but a practical means of conveying information.

Language has ceased to be an elegant way of knowing the world, and has become a means of communication.

Life accelerates, a person has no time to stop andto think about. He needs to do business and do it quickly, because from youth to old age some a few dozen years, for which you have to do a lot. The language becomes optimized, simplistic. A person simply does not have time to pay attention to the beauty of words, if he is not a linguist. Previously monks in monasteries could copy manuscripts for years, decorate them with ornate font, pictures and patterns, today it is not so important. People have changed - language too.

It's all about cycles

Another hypothesis suggests that the matter is not in thesimplification of a complex language, and in cyclicity. There is a historically justified simplification and complication of the language according to certain time intervals. The flowering of empires, their fall, the emergence of civilizations, their departure from the scene of world history. All this complicates and simplifies the language - everything has its own time.

There is no simplification at all

And, finally, there is a version that nothere is really no simplification. There is a kind of language transformation. One part of the language dies or is simplified, and the other is improved. For example, if some words like "thou" were eliminated in English, and "shell" is used today for the most part in a written official speech, 16 time forms appeared instead of this, which simply was not. Therefore, a number of linguists consider language a living substance that is not complicated or simplified, but changes with the course of time and under the influence of historical events.