Tip 1: What Japanese words are included in the Russian lexicon
Tip 1: What Japanese words are included in the Russian lexicon
The main conductor of Japanese words and concepts into the Russian language is certainly cinema. Second place in the distribution, perhaps, is Japanese cuisine, and, after them, Japanese art.
The Russian language, like many languages of the world,extremely plastic and hospitable. He sensitively reacts to changing time, to new hobbies of people. Each era, when Russia freely plowed itself to the world, introduced into the lexicon of the Russian language foreign words that easily took root and spread like a virus infection - by airborne droplets. Therefore, it is even surprising that no more than twenty words have penetrated into the Russian language steadily from the Japanese language and Japanese culture. Perhaps this is due to the fact that Japanese words, unlike German, French or Greek, are not so easily transformed, get used to, russified.
Words introduced on the samurai sword
Thanks to American cinema, especially70-ies of the last century, the world literally fell ill with the art of fighting - karate. Appearance on the screen incredibly technical Bruce Lee, conquered the hearts of not only many men, but women. Cinematography, thus, brought to the Russian lexicon a lot of warlike words: ninja, kamikaze, harakiri, banzai, samurai, karate, taekwondo, tsunami. Perhaps now there is no longer a child who would not have played a turtle-ninja in early childhood and was not trying to hold the samurai's sword in the hands of a katanu. When children-boys grow up in love for Japanese beautiful words, heard by them in the movies, some of them remain. The only pity is that the essence of these words is not always clear to them. Therefore, sometimes on the streets of Russian cities you can see institutions with strange names: "Harakiri" - round-the-clock delivery of sushi and rolls, or "Geisha" beauty salon. Agree, the name that speaks about the art of ripping a belly - the ritual suicide of samurai - can somewhat alert the slightly more knowledgeable visitors. Like the beauty salon, which in this way, again thanks to the cinema, reminds rather of some frivolity of morals than of highly educated women, entertaining men with singing, dancing and intellectual conversations on absolutely any topics.Words of peace and harmony
Following the cinematography in the Russian culturepenetrated the art of traditional Japanese cuisine and home decoration. And along with them, peaceful words like: kimono - traditional Japanese clothes, and now also a certain cut of clothing sleeves; origami - the ancient art of folding figurines of rice paper for decorating a house; ikebana - traditional Japanese art of arrangement and composition of flowers; sakura - Japanese cherry; tank and haiku - genres of lyrical poetry, which are often carried away by novice poets; anime - characters of animated tapes, designed for adolescent and adult audiences; Wasabi - an acute spice to dishes, tempura - a dish of seafood, fish and vegetables cooked in batter; fugu is a dangerous and deliciously delicious fish delicacy, sake is Japanese vodka. Many borrowed words are due to such sensei-teachers as Kurosawa-san (san is a respectful prefix to the name), Keanu Reeves-san, Marlon Brando-san, Murakami- san, Chkhartishvili-san and other respected figures of culture and art who managed to captivate us with a strange and mysterious flair of Japanese romance and a code of honor.Tip 2: What words from the Old Slavonic language survived to this day
In Russian there are Old Slavonic words,which are firmly entrenched in the minds of native speakers. The interrelation of Old Slavonic and Old Russian language led to the spread of Old Slavs. With the adoption of Christianity in Russia, the Old Slavonic language became part of the Russian lexicon.
Which words from the Old Slavonic language survived to this day
In modern Russian, Old SlavsAre perceived by the native speaker as words that are part of the active lexical stock. These are native Russian words that are used in everyday speech. Virtually all of them underwent a series of phonetic and derivational changes. By what signs can you understand that the word is Old Slavism?Phonetic features of Old Slavs
One of the main features is the presence ofWord incomplete combinations of the type "-pa-", "-la-", "-re-", "-le-" between the consonants. For example: "enemy", "sweet", "milky", "like", etc. Also often there are words with full-blown combinations "-oro-", "-olo-", "-re-". For example: "city", "young", "through", "gold", "gate", "short", etc. Such words have an outdated version, which was used in the church language. If at the beginning of a word there are combinations "-pa-", "-la-", then this is Old Slavism. For example: "equal", "rook", "joy", "grow", etc. Old Slavonic words are preserved, in which "zhd" and "shch" are opposed to the letters "g" and "h". For example: "ahead of time", "leader", "light", etc. In some words, the initial letter "e" is opposed to the letter "o" or the letter "a" is opposed to the letter "I". For example: "one is one", "Elena is a deer", "az-yaz", "lamb is a lamb".Formative signs of Old Slavs
To the derivational features of the Old Slavsthe prefixes "-voz-", "-is-", "-low-", which correspond to the Russian prefixes "-", "-y-", "c". For example: "to become proud - to block off", "overthrow - overthrow", "dry up - dry", "return", "excessive", etc. The suffixes "-asch-", "-yas-", "-usch-", "-yush-", "-in-", "-tv", "-sin-", "-" are often found in the Russian language, "-" -chy- "is also a sign of Old Slavism. For example: "knowing", "screaming", "stronghold", "fox", "harvest", "fear", "helmsman", "architect", "wandering", etc. In the first part of complex Old Slavonic words, the basics "good "," Evil "," good "," great "," sue ". For example: "philanthropist", "benign", "slander", "magnanimous", "superstition", "vanity", "ambition", etc. A small group of Old Slavs has the mark "-ofits-" or "-knizh-" and is used only in texts of an official-business nature. The bulk of the Old Slavonicisms entered the active vocabulary of the Russian language.Tip 3: How to master elementary literacy
There are a number of ways to masterliteracy. They include working with dictionaries, memorizing the basic rules of the Russian language, which, in general, are contained in school textbooks, writing dictations, reading works of art, etc. It will be very useful to use several methods. And the main thing here is the systematic and purposefulness.
Working with dictionaries
In the home library, you need to have at leastOne explanatory and spelling dictionaries. The most popular and useful are the explanatory dictionaries edited by Ushakov and Ozhegov. Every day you need to look through and memorize the spelling and meaning of at least five or six words. Pay special attention to the statement of stress. This will not only accurately record new words, but also correctly pronounce them, and also significantly expand the vocabulary. Even if you think that you have a rich enough vocabulary, there will always be interesting and unfamiliar words, as the language is constantly evolving, new vocabulary is added, some words become archaic, they leave everyday speech, being used only in fiction.The rules of the Russian language
It will not be superfluous to recall those studied at schoolRules of the Russian language. There are a lot of them. The existence of such a set of rules is associated primarily with language reforms, with the formation of language on the foundations of earlier dialects. These phenomena and generated exceptions to these rules, which also should not be overlooked. Moreover, almost every rule has an exception. In this respect, the Russian language is quite complicated in the study for foreigners.Home dictations
Daily dictation of texts throughCertain time will undoubtedly give its results. This is a proven method of remembering for years the writing of unfamiliar words, the formulation of punctuation marks, the construction of sentences. It has been used since time immemorial. However, the greatest success in this is achieved by those who have more developed memory associated with motor and sound perception. Here a great role is played by systematicity. For half an hour a day is enough to start writing more competently in a couple of months.Reading Literature
No less useful in this case will be readingfiction. The classic is preferred, since it is there that all the beauty and splendor of the Russian language will open up to you. All sorts of metaphors, allegories and other artistic techniques used by the authors make the language special and unique. Where else can you find such an abundance of vocabulary! It is in the literature that there are all possible ways of constructing sentences, the influence of emotions on the production of punctuation marks. At the same time, reading should be a good habit.Tip 4: Why are unstressed vowels needed?
Russian as a subject of school educationis the most important factor in the development of the child's mental abilities, his speech, moral qualities and, in general, the person's personality. Impudent vowels are one of the most difficult orthograms for pupils, despite the apparent ease of the rule.
From the school program it is known that to checkUnstressed vowel can be by selecting a single root word with an accent on this vowel. This work on recognizing the place of stress, recognizing the unstressed vowel, and also searching for words that are close in meaning to check these vowels helps the pupil to understand the idea of a uniform spelling of a common part of related words. So children learn to find a single part in the nest of one-root words, paying attention to the same writing of vowels at the root of the word, begin to consciously understand the signs of kinship and can prevent false analogies based on a root on sound similarity, strengthen the understanding of parts of speech, enrich their vocabulary. Studying unstressed vowels, schoolchildren learn the skill of morphemic analysis, search for basic forms, performed when acquainted with parts of speech and composition of words. Here we add the ability to find the root of the word, test words by selecting single root words and among them to choose words with a stressed vowel in the root. When testing the unstressed vowel, the pupils get a deeper understanding of the familiar words, their meaning and composition. This can be achieved by including words with new suffixes in the lexicon of children (instead of the already studied suffixes ov, eu, od, ost-, is-, chiv-). Their graphic image is gradually postponed in the memory of the student and in the future can serve as an additional sign for understanding parts of speech and better mastering the spelling of unstressed vowels. In this way, pupils are better able to find the root they know in new words and, thus, will be able to remember the ways of changing the morphemic structure of the word. The lessons of the Russian language as a whole help to carry out the intellectual development of children, increase their attention and take the students to a new level of thinking.
