Tip 1: Why do we need antonyms

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Tip 1: Why do we need antonyms

In colloquial speech or text, you often hear or see antonyms, but do not always notice them, since these are ordinarywords, only with the opposite meaning in relation to each other. Why do we need antonyms, for which people with a rich vocabulary often use them in their speech?

The main purpose of the antonyms is to make the speech moreunderstandable and imaginative, they help in the best way convey to the readers or listeners the thoughts and feelings of the author. Many words in Russian are in some kind of relationship with others, and if they are opposite in meaning, then their skillful arrangement in one phrase allows to maximally shade the author's emotions. For example, compare the phrase "today the stars are bright" and "the darker the night, the brighter the stars". Nevertheless, contrasting words are often closely related, and not only deny each other, but also suggest the existence of the opposite concept. For example, having said about the acceleration of the process, it is implied that earlier it was too slow, and the words about a strict teacher also say that there are good teachers. One word, if it has several meanings, can have several antonyms. Sometimes the use of an antonym next to such a word allows you to clarify the meaning, for example, in the famous phrase IA. Krylova "The strong always powerless is to blame" immediately it is clear that "strong" stands for "possessing physical strength", and not "knowledgeable, skillful in any field". With the help of antonyms, one can disclose the contradictory essence of the phenomenon; Nekrasov about Russia "You and the poor, you and plentiful, you and powerful, you and powerless". To further strengthen the emotionality of the author can use several antonymous pairs in one phrase, for example, in V.V. Mayakovsky: "Joy crawls with a snail, grief at a raging". Adds expression to the text using one of the antonyms with a negative, this allows us to strengthen and emphasize the author's idea. "I'm not your enemy, but a friend. I came not to quarrel, but to be reconciled. " Very often antonyms are used in aphorisms and proverbs. For example, "A joke is said, but seriously conceived", "Prepare a sleigh in the summer, and a cart in the winter." Sometimes proverbs themselves can be antonymous, if their meaning is completely the opposite. Compare "Cause time, and fun hour" with the saying "Work is not a wolf, the forest will not run away."

Tip 2: What are antonyms: examples of words

Antonyms, as a lexical-semantic phenomenon,more closely all other phenomena are related to the extralinguistic reality, since they designate those phenomena that actually exist in opposition. In the language, the antonyms exist only if the word denotes a generic concept, which has a species concept that denotes its extreme opposite.

What are antonyms?

The term "antonyms" of Greek origin is translated as "counter-name".

Antonyms are words with the opposite meaning, expressing it with the help of paradigmatic connections.

Antonyms - this is a very interesting phenomenon of language, tk. in the mind of a person are stored in the form of an antonymous couple.

Despite the fact that the opposites are opposedeach other with all their content, their semantic structure is highly homogeneous. As a rule, antonyms differ by one differential feature.

For example, a pair of antonyms "cheerful - sad" has common semantic features (quality, mood) and only one differential (positive and negative mood).

Due to the homogeneity of the semantic structure, the antonyms have an almost completely coincidental compatibility.

Types of antonyms

There are 2 types of antonyms:

1) multi-root and single-root.

Monotonous antonyms usually form an unprimed and prefix word. Examples: a friend is a foe; bad - not bad; enter - exit; come - go.

Raznokornevye antonyms completely differ in their appearance. Examples: stale - fresh; life death.

2) gradual, non-gradual and vector antonyms.

Gradual antonyms express the opposite,which assumes the existence between two extreme points of intermediate steps. Examples: ingenious - talented - gifted - medium abilities - mediocre - mediocre; smart - capable - intelligent - smart - medium abilities - stupid - limited - stupid - stupid.

Non-gradual antonyms call concepts between which there is not and can not be an intermediate degree. Examples: true - false; alive - dead; free - busy; married - single.

Vector antonyms denote the opposite direction of actions, attributes, qualities and properties. Examples: forget - remember; increase - decrease; the supporter is the enemy.

Tip 3: Why Linguistic Dictionaries Are Needed

A linguistic dictionary is a special book. This is a collection of dictionary articles, which contain the basic properties of words. The task of dictionaries is to explain the meaning of a word, its grammatical, etymological, lexical and other characteristics.

In aggregate all linguistic dictionariespursue the goal of describing and normalizing the vocabulary of the language. The main object of linguistic dictionaries is a word that can be characterized from different sides (semantic, stylistic, origin, etc.) Unlike encyclopedic dictionaries, linguistic dictionaries explain the meanings of words, show their grammatical properties and contain all parts of speech (classes of words) . There are many types and types of linguistic dictionaries. They differ in the composition, quantity and nature of the explanations of the meanings of words. In terms of content, tasks and methods of lexicographical description, linguistic dictionaries can be divided into sensible, foreign words, historical, etymological, dialectal, homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, phraseological, orthographic, orthoepic and dictionaries of the writer's language. In explanatory dictionaries, the interpretation of the word is given and its use is described. The dictionaries of the difficulties of the language describe the difficulties that can arise in the use of a word or its form. Phraseological dictionaries reflect the specifics and national culture of the language. They are necessary to enhance the speech culture. Compatibility dictionaries teach the accuracy of expression. Orphoepic - help to correctly put stresses in words. In spelling dictionaries grammatically correct spelling of words is given. Directories on punctuation are necessary for the correct setting of punctuation marks. As a rule, the dictionary article is supplemented with phrases, examples from fiction, phraseological turns illustrating one or another word. Slovarians are the most authoritative reference publications in which one can find exhaustive answers to any interesting question. You need to use them. Even the great French philosopher Voltaire said that the dictionary is the universe in alphabetical order. And all other books are only contained in it: "The only thing is to extract them from it."

Tip 4: What is the antonym and synonym

Antonyms and synonyms are used for greater expressiveness of speech. They are multi-valued words, which means that in one context or another, one value is updated.

Synonyms denote the same concept, they havethe same lexical meaning, but differ in emotional coloration, expressiveness, and anchoring in a certain style. Enrichment of the language by synonyms proceeds in various ways. Firstly, within the framework of the laws of individual thought, and secondly, with the consolidation of the national language, and, thirdly, due to the development of writing in a foreign language synonyms yazyke.Nakoplenie leads to their differentiation. Nest of synonyms - the so-called words belonging to one specific group - retain differences in their nuances. This is due to their belonging to the vocabulary of various layers of society, to various types of speech communication. Sometimes they completely lose their synonymity. An example of this can serve as Slavs. To determine the different shades of synonyms, it is necessary: to compare each with the most abstract concepts; pick up the antonyms; replace with another synonym; take into account its grammatical structure. Synonyms and antonyms contrasted are words of one part of speech, a variety of sound and writing, and also having opposite lexical significance. The antonyms have a rather wide classification: they are divided according to the type of concepts expressed; in structure and in terms of language and speech. The first category is represented by counter-corrector correlates, which mutually complement each other (lie-truth); contral correlates expressing polar values (black-gray-white); vector correlates, expressing the multidirectional actions or features (revolution-counter-revolution); conversives describing the same process from the perspective of different angles (loose-find) .Among antonyms no such parts of speech as proper nouns, pronouns and numerals.