Tip 1: How to determine the suffix of the sacrament
Tip 1: How to determine the suffix of the sacrament
In the case of morphemic analysis Communion It should be borne in mind that his suffixes serve to form new forms of the word. Therefore, they do not form the basis of the word. Consider which suffixes has a sacrament and how to determine them depending on the formation of the word.
Instructions
1
Determine from which verb formedparticiple. Specify its appearance and transitivity. For example, the immersed - immerse (verb of the perfect species, transitive), immersive - immerse (imperfective verb, transitive), breathing - to breathe (verb imperfect species, intransitive).
2
Determine the security CommunionThe participle of the real pledge is called the sign of the object (or person) according to the action it is being performed. Suffering Communion call the sign of the subject by the action of another object (or person). Active voice Communion of the present time is formed from the verbs of transitive and intransitive, having an imperfective appearance. This participle has suffixes -UCH- (-YUCH-), -AUT- (-YASh-). For example, the troublesome - to bother (the imperfective verb, intransitive), means the participle of the real pledge of the present tense and has the suffix -UCH-.The real deposit Communion Past tense is formed from the verbs of transitive and intransitive of both kinds. It has suffixes -BW-, -SH-. For example, dozing - dozing (imperfective verb, intransitive), means participle of the actual pledge of the past tense and has a suffix -VSH. Communion of the present time is formed only from verbs of transitional, having an imperfect form. This communion has suffixes -OM- (-EM-), -IM-. For example, readable - read (imperfective verb, transitive), READ - participle passive present tense, has suffix -EM-. Communion The past tense is formed only from verbs of transitive imperfective and verbs of transitive perfect kind. This communion has suffixes -ENH-, -NH-, -T-. For example, read - read (perfect verb, transitive), READ - past participle passive having the suffix -НН-.
3
AT Communionx may contain more than one suffix B Communionpassive voice of the pastsuffix -NH- one more suffix is allocated while preserving the vowel infinitive -A- or -H-, otherwise -E- (pumped out (rolled out) barrel, pumped out (pumped out) water) is allocated. suffixes verb (listeners - shudder, wink).
Tip 2: How to determine the kind of sacrament
In the case of morphological analysis Communion it is necessary to determine its view, which refers to the permanent features of this part of speech. This is very important for an interpreter, because he changed his view when translated, the sacrament often changes the meaning of the whole text to the opposite.
You will need
- - a table of participle forms.
Instructions
1
Determine from which verb formedparticiple. It is a special verbal form and signifies an attribute of the object by its action. The object, which is mentioned in the sentence, either acts by itself, or does something with it. It is this that determines whether the participle is valid or passive. For example, the participle "ovevayuschy" and "fanned" are formed from the same verb. But in the first case, it can be the wind that bears the face, and in the second - the face, blown by the wind.
2
Communion combines the signs of the verb andthe adjective. It answers the questions of the adjective. Mentally check whether the sacrament can answer the question "what do" or "what did". It is not necessary to write this, but the actual participle by means of such an auxiliary method is immediately determined.
3
Disassemble the participle in the composition. It is important for you to determine its suffix, since it is he who is the main formal sign of his viewa. Valid Communion are formed from the infinitive by means of suffixes-out-, -yout-, -ax-, and also -wh- or -w- in the past tense. In passive participles, the suffix can be -n-, -en, -em. But other variants are possible, including the formation of passive participles without suffixes. For example, if they are obtained from monosyllabic verbs.
4
Try to put the full communion in a briefshape. With the passive it is most often possible, it always has both forms, but with the real you are unlikely to do such an operation. In any case, in the modern Russian literary language, the actual Communion short form do not have. In some dialects, it is. Brief form of the passive Communion varies by birth and by number. However, some passive Communion also in modern Russian language in a short form is usually not put. For example, "broken", "readable," etc. In such cases, a short form exists, but rather, it refers to the archaic style.
Tip 3: How to determine the suffix in a word
Suffix This part of the word, with the help ofwhich can supplement the vocabulary of the language and expand its diversity. This element can serve to form a new part of speech or a new form of an already existing word. Therefore, knowing the suffixes, one can deal with the transformation of, for example, verbs into nouns, or vice versa, one can understand which part of speech is the word, how it was formed.
You will need
- dictionary-reference, word-formation-morpheme dictionary
Instructions
1
Before proceeding to the definitiondirectly suffix of the word, it is necessary to understand which part of the speech it is. This will facilitate the task, since for each part of speech there are characteristic suffixes. To find out which part of the speech is to be analyzed, it is necessary to understand which question the word answers.
2
Having determined your speech, you cango over to the analysis of the components ie. morphemes. Since the suffix is that part of the word that is located between the root and the ending, it is first necessary to distinguish the two morphemes - the ending and the root.
3
To determine the end, you need to declare the word(change by case) or conjugate (change by person, number, time). The part that will change will be the end. Graphically it is squared.
4
To determine the root of the word, it is necessary to chooseit is self-root ie. related words. That part of these words, which will remain unchanged and common to all, is the root. Graphically, it is indicated by an arc over it.
5
The part that remained between the root and the ending, and will be a suffix. At this stage, it is advisable to check with a dictionary or a grammar reference, because in the word can be as a few suffixes, and not be at all. And this can be determined by a specific part of speech or grammatical form.
6
After completing the analysis, you can designate the suffix graphically as a triangle (^) above it. And, if in the word several suffixes, then each is indicated separately.
Tip 4: How to find a suffix in a word
The suffix is the morpheme standing in the word afterroot and carries a semantic and grammatical meaning. As a rule, the suffix is allocated with the symbol ^ and serves as one of the main ways of word formation in the Russian language.
Instructions
1
The suffix is that part of the word that stands outin the last place, so first you need to parse the word completely. You should start from the end. To find it, change the word by forms - cases, generic, etc. For example, you can take the word "traditional". Change the word by birth - traditional, traditional, traditional. The ending is a variable part of the word, and therefore in this word it is necessary to select the ending -y. Everything else will be the basis.
2
Now you need to find the root. This is easy to do if you pick up the root words. You can take the word "tradition", which is motivating for this adjective. In the word "tradition" the ending -я, to be more precise, -ja, the rest is the root, hence, in the desired word it is necessary to distinguish the root "tradition". The rest of the word, respectively, will be a suffix.
3
Sometimes to highlight the suffix of the doneoperations are not enough - it is necessary to establish motivation, that is, the method of formation of the given word. For example, the word "Needle". Many will hasten to select the suffix "ochk" in the word, however this will be a mistake. If you understand the formation of the word, you get the following: Needle -> needle (k) a -> needle (Pts) (k) aThus, in the word "needle" there will be two suffixes - -och- and -k-.
4
Some suffixes can simply be memorized andto allocate, as they say, on the machine. For example, in verbs of past tense, in most cases, the suffix -l- will be allocated. In the nouns, the diminutive-affectionate suffixes -ooch-, -ochek-, -enk-, -ank-, -ok-, -chik- and others are easily distinguished. Adverbial suffixes -a-, -o, -e- are often distinguished as endings, but adverbs can not have endings, since this is an invariable part of speech.
5
Postfix -ya-in undefined forms of the verb is usually defined as a syncretic morpheme, that is, both as a suffix and as an ending, and is identified by two suffix symbols.
Tip 5: What is a passive participle?
In the great and mighty Russian language, besides the basicparts of speech there are so-called transitional, for example participles, which in turn is divided into real and passive. Communion is a synthesis of the verb and the adjective and has the features of both parts of speech.
Tip 6: How to determine the transitivity of a verb
The transitivity / intransitivity class of the verb onfirst glance - a purely theoretical issue. However, ignorance of the subject is clearly manifested in the speech of foreigners who begin to study our complex language. Native speakers of the Russian language sometimes do not even think about the problem, automatically correctly arranging their speech.
Instructions
1
Under the transitivity of the Russian verbit means its ability to form phrases with direct addition without a preposition. As a supplement, nouns, numerals or pronouns can be used. In this case, the transitive verb denotes an action directly directed to an object. Accordingly, those verbs that can not have a direct complement are intransitive. And the use of nouns or pronouns in the accusative case without a preposition is unacceptable .- "write" (whom? "," What? ") Text" - a transitive verb - "go" ("who?", "What?") ... "- intransitive.
2
Transitive verbs are able to formverb phrases in conjunction with a noun, a numeral or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: - "Buy (" whom? "," what? ") the book" - "take (" who? "," what? ") with her "-" get ("who?", "What?") Five. "
3
Transitive verbs also form phrasesa verb with a noun without a preposition in the genitive case, if it denotes part of the whole, or there is a negative particle "not" with the verb: "take a little (" what? ") millet"; - "do not read (" what? ") of the novel."
4
All reflexive verbs (with the postfix "-ya", "-s") are intransitive: "be careful", "get angry", "bathe".
5
Transitivity / intransitivity of the verbalthough it refers to morphological features, but it is closely related to its lexical meaning in a concrete statement. The same verb in Russian can be both intransitive and transitive depending on the context value. The list of such verbs tends to expand. Compare: "walking along the street - walking the dog."
Tip 7: How past passive participles are formed
Communion is a special form of the verb,Possessing the properties of both the verb and the name of the adjective. Signs of the verb are a pledge (passive or valid), category of the species and time. The signs of the adjective are gender, number and case. To form a passive participle of the past tense, one can use suffixes and from verbs to -..., -sty, -it.
Using the suffix -nn-
These participles are formed from the infinitive of the verbto the vowel. Usually, these are verbs 1 and 3 classes. The suffix -nn- is attached to the basis of the past tense, which ends in -a or -y, sometimes on -e. For example, "I saw - see-n-th"; "Sowed - sowing-n-th"; "Lost - loss-nn-yy." Note: in short passive participles one-n- is written, for example: "Thoughts are thought out by the author of the book." In full participles that were formed from verbs of the perfect kind, two are written -nn-, for example : ("What to do?") "Tie - tied." In the participles formed from the verbs with-ova-; -ev-, write two -n-, for example: "cipher-ovany-nny"; "marinated".With the help of the suffix -enne-
These participles are formed from the infinitive of the verbon the consonant or on the vowel-and-, which in this case falls out. In this case, there is an alternation of the final consonants of the base itself, which are similar in the alternation of the formation of the first person present or the future simple tense of the verb. For example, "ruled out + -en- - = ruled-enn-yy"; "Brought + -en- = brought-enn-yy"; "Buy-l + -enne- = bought-enn-yy"; "Ask-l + -enne = = asked-enn-yy".From the verb to -...
Passionate past participles fromSuch verbs are formed from the basis of present or future time. For example, "lead - reduced"; "Find - found"; "Hide - spun"; "Steal - stolen." Note: after sizzling vowels under stress, it is written -e-, for example: "solve - solved"; "Burn - burned." In participles, which were formed from verbs of the perfect species, there are always written two-one-replace-substituted; "To lay - laid." In full participles, which have a prefix, except for non-, just always write two-one: "weld - cooked"; "Painted - colored." In full participles that have a dependent word, two are also written: "the fence is painted" (the participle, which has a dependent word, is written with two-n-), but the "colored fence" (adjective ).Using the suffix -t-
The suffix -t- joins the stem of the verb,Terminating in an indefinite form, on-off, -to-get-be. This suffix can also be used in monosyllabic bases, but without a prefix. For example: "take out - take out"; "To prick - a colo-th-th"; "Wipe - wiped-th-th"; "Beat - the b-t-th". Note: past passive participles can also be formed by attaching postfix -s to the form of an actual pledge, for example: "sold-sold-xia".Tip 8: How to determine the verb type
Slavic languages are sharply contrasted with otherIndo-European languages according to the forms of expression of the categories of time and species. The modern system of species developed in linguistics only at the beginning of the 20th century. In order to correctly determine the type of the verb in the Russian language, it is necessary to take into account a number of grounds.
The verb form is a lexical-grammaticalThe category of the verb expressing the relation of action to its internal limit. An internal limit is a point in the course of an action when an action passes into an inaction.
History of the category of the verb form
Until the 20th century. in Russian linguistics distinguished 3 types:
1. Uncertain species, coinciding with a modern imperfect species.
2. Multiple appearance. Examples are the following words: sat, talked, talked.
3. A single view, coinciding with a modern perfect view.
How to determine the type of the verb?
In modern linguistics, grammatical types of the verb are usually delimited on the basis of semantics, i.e. values.
In Russian grammar distinguish perfect and imperfect species.
The verb form can be determined on the basis of the following grounds:
1) Based on semantics.
Verbs of the perfect kind designate an action,reached the internal limit (for example: looked, did). Verbs of an imperfect kind designate an action that has not reached the internal limit (for example: looked, did).
2) For questions.
Verbs of the perfect kind answer the question "what to do?", And the verbs of the imperfect kind to the question "what to do?". For example: (what did?) Looked, (what did?) Looked.
3) Based on word formation.
The perfect form of verbs is formed with the help ofprefixes, imperfections - with the help of suffixes. So, verbs of the perfect kind "looked, did" have prefixes, and verbs of imperfect kind "looked, did" do not have.
4) By combinability.
Verbs of an imperfect kind are combined withadverbs "long", "slow", with the words "every day" and others, and verbs of the perfect kind do not have such an opportunity. So, you can say "for a long time", but you can not use the expression "long looked".
5) By the difference in the set of word forms.
Verbs of the perfect species can not be in the form of the present species, and the verbs of the imperfect species do not possess the forms of 3 times.
