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Natural and human sciences

Until the 19th century, the history of science did not stand outnatural and humanitarian directions, and preference scientists before this time gave natural science, that is, the study of natural phenomena that exist objectively. In XIX, the universities began to divide the sciences: the humanities, responsible for studying the cultural, social, spiritual, moral and other types of human activity, are allocated in a separate area. And everything else falls under the notion of natural science, whose name comes from the Latin word "essence". The history of natural sciences began about three thousand years ago, but separate disciplines did not exist then - all fields of knowledge were dealt with by philosophers. Only at the time of the development of navigation did the division of sciences begin: geography and astronomy appeared, these areas were necessary during travel. With the development of technology, physics and chemistry were separated into separate sections. The principle of philosophical naturalism is applied to the study of natural sciences: this means that the laws of nature need to be investigated without mixing them with the laws of man and excluding the action of human will. Natural science has two main objectives: the first - to explore and systematize data about the world, and the second - to use the knowledge for practical purposes to conquer nature.

Types of natural sciences

There are basic natural sciences thatexist as independent areas for a long time. This is physics, biology, chemistry, geography, astronomy, geology. But often the spheres of their research intersect, forming new science at the junctions - biochemistry, geophysics, geochemistry, astrophysics and others. Physics - one of the most important natural sciences, its modern development began with the classical theory of gravitation Newton. Faraday, Maxwell and Ohm continued the development of this science, and by the twentieth century the revolution in physics belongs to when it became known that Newtonian mechanics is limited and imperfect. Chemistry began to develop on the basis of alchemy, its modern history begins in 1661, when Boyle's book The Skeptical Chemist was published. Biology only appeared in the nineteenth century, when the distinction between living and non-living matter was finally established. Geography was formed during the search for new lands and the development of navigation, and geology was separated into a separate area thanks to Leonardo da Vinci.