Tip 1: What is nitrogen?

The science

Tip 1: What is nitrogen?

Nitrogen is a chemical element of Group V of periodicMendeleev's system, it is a colorless gas without smell and taste. Nitrogen is one of the most common elements on Earth, its bulk is concentrated in the atmosphere.

Distribution in nature

In the air there is about 78.09% freenitrogen by volume, by weight - 75.6%, if not to take into account minor impurities in the form of oxides and ammonia. By its prevalence in the solar system, it occupies the fourth place, following hydrogen, helium and oxygen. In translation from Greek, "nitrogen" means "lifeless, not supporting life," in fact, this chemical element is essential for the life of organisms. The animal and human protein is 16-17% composed of nitrogen, it is formed due to the consumption of substances present in the organisms of herbivores and in plants. In nature, its cycle constantly passes, the main role in it is played by microorganisms that can convert free nitrogen of air into compounds, which are then assimilated by plants.

Physical and chemical properties

The molecule in nitrogen is a diatomic with a triple bond, itsThe dissociation becomes noticeable only at very high temperatures. Nitrogen is lighter than air, in water this gas is less soluble than oxygen. It hardly liquefies, while it has a low critical temperature (-147 ° C). This gas has a very low reactivity, the cause of which is the large dissociation energy of the molecule. Nitrogen oxides are formed in air at atmospheric discharges, and they can also be obtained by the action of ionizing radiation on a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen. Azot reacts when heated to relatively low temperatures only with active metals such as calcium, magnesium and lithium, with most other chemical elements it reacts at high temperature in the presence of catalysts. With halogens, it does not interact, all the nitrogen halides can be obtained only indirectly, most of them are low-stable compounds.

Application

Most of the free nitrogenon the production of ammonia, which is then processed into fertilizers, nitric acid and explosives. Nitrogen is used as an inert medium for various metallurgical and chemical processes, it is used for pumping flammable liquids, as well as for filling free space in mercury thermometers. Liquid nitrogen finds its application in various refrigerating plants as a coolant. It is stored in steel vessels, and gaseous nitrogen - in cylinders.

Tip 2: What is an overclocker

Overclocker is a user who makes his PC run at the limit of possibilities. Such an improvement significantly shortens the period of its operation. Even the use of a cooling system does not save.

Overclocker is a person who overstates the frequencyThe CPU is several times higher than its passport capabilities. The machine can be overclocked by increasing the supply voltage, memory or bus frequency, and installing new drivers. The need for overclocking appears when the machine bought a few years ago becomes obsolete, but it is not possible to change it to a new desire and possibility. And then the overclocker artificially improves the performance of his PC.

What are the types of "acceleration"

At a factory kind all necessary accessoriesthe manufacturer releases himself, slightly increasing their parameters. User overclocking provides only the most overclocker's actions. Here everything will depend on the capabilities of the user and his desires. He can choose the minimum parameters that are responsible for overclocking, or stop at automatic overclocking, acting through the motherboard or BIOS of the motherboard. Such overclocking assumes an increase in the frequency of the system bus without changing other settings. With a reasonable method, the user significantly increases the clock speeds, not reaching the limit values. In this case, the machine can work for a long time in this mode, without stopping. To implement desires in life, both bios and software methods can be used. And you can, without further ado, arm yourself with a soldering iron and change the frequency of the clock generator, multipliers of secondary devices accelerating along with the bus, processor voltage, its architecture and special parameters of a certain chipset. In addition, the frequency of RAM, depending on the system bus, and timings can be changed. Often, the resulting "stove" requires a reliable cooling system. With extreme overclocking, the overclocker increases the performance of the computer to out-of-bounds. Here without a cooling system just can not do. For this purpose, freon cooling, liquid vacuum, liquid helium, liquid nitrogen, cascade systems and others are used. But even this will not save the machine from the need to replace the burnt iron.

The other side of the medal

This technical improvement requiresincreasing the voltage. Coupled with the rise in temperature, the lifetime of the PC is reduced in direct proportion to overestimation. Therefore, after a few years of such work will have to buy a new computer.